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HistoryTimelineLayer:Timeline of Roman history (edit)
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''[[Battle of Lautulae]]'': A decisive [[Samnites|Samnite]] victory near [[Terracina]] split Roman territory in two.;;;;-315;; | ''[[Battle of Lautulae]]'': A decisive [[Samnites|Samnite]] victory near [[Terracina]] split Roman territory in two.;;;;-315;; | ||
''Samnite Wars'': The [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscans]] laid siege to [[Sutri]].;;;;-311;; | ''Samnite Wars'': The [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscans]] laid siege to [[Sutri]].;;;;-311;; | ||
''[[Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC | ''[[Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC)]]'': Rome inflicted a substantial military defeat on the [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscans]] at [[Lake Vadimo]].;;;;-310;; | ||
''Samnite Wars'': The [[Umbri]], [[Picentes]] and [[Marsi]] joined the [[Samnites]] against Rome.;;;;-308;; | ''Samnite Wars'': The [[Umbri]], [[Picentes]] and [[Marsi]] joined the [[Samnites]] against Rome.;;;;-308;; | ||
The [[Hernici]] declared their independence from Rome.;;;;-306;; | The [[Hernici]] declared their independence from Rome.;;;;-306;; | ||
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''Samnite Wars'': Rome captured the [[Samnites|Samnite]] cities of [[Bojano]] and [[Castel di Sangro]].;;;;-298;; | ''Samnite Wars'': Rome captured the [[Samnites|Samnite]] cities of [[Bojano]] and [[Castel di Sangro]].;;;;-298;; | ||
''[[Battle of Tifernum]]'': A Roman army defeated a numerically superior [[Samnites|Samnite]] force at [[Città di Castello]].;;;;-297;; | ''[[Battle of Tifernum]]'': A Roman army defeated a numerically superior [[Samnites|Samnite]] force at [[Città di Castello]].;;;;-297;; | ||
''[[Battle of Sentinum]]'': A Roman army decisively defeated a numerically superior force of [[Samnites]], [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscans]], [[Umbri]] and [[Senones]] in coalition at [[Sentinum]]. The [[Roman consul|consul]] [[Publius Decius Mus (consul 312 BC | ''[[Battle of Sentinum]]'': A Roman army decisively defeated a numerically superior force of [[Samnites]], [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscans]], [[Umbri]] and [[Senones]] in coalition at [[Sentinum]]. The [[Roman consul|consul]] [[Publius Decius Mus (consul 312 BC)]] was killed.;;;;-295;; | ||
''Samnite Wars'': Roman and [[Samnites|Samnite]] forces battled at [[Lucera]].;;;;-294;; | ''Samnite Wars'': Roman and [[Samnites|Samnite]] forces battled at [[Lucera]].;;;;-294;; | ||
''[[Battle of Aquilonia]]'': A Roman army destroyed the majority of [[Samnites|Samnite]] forces, probably in modern [[Agnone]].;;;;-293;; | ''[[Battle of Aquilonia]]'': A Roman army destroyed the majority of [[Samnites|Samnite]] forces, probably in modern [[Agnone]].;;;;-293;; | ||
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''[[Conflict of the Orders]]'': A ''[[secessio plebis]]'' took place.;;;;-287;; | ''[[Conflict of the Orders]]'': A ''[[secessio plebis]]'' took place.;;;;-287;; | ||
''Conflict of the Orders'': The ''[[Lex Hortensia]]'' was passed, made resolutions of the [[Plebeian Council]] ([[plebiscites]]) binding on all Romans, they formally only applied to plebeians.;;;;-287;; | ''Conflict of the Orders'': The ''[[Lex Hortensia]]'' was passed, made resolutions of the [[Plebeian Council]] ([[plebiscites]]) binding on all Romans, they formally only applied to plebeians.;;;;-287;; | ||
''[[Battle of Lake Vadimo (283 BC | ''[[Battle of Lake Vadimo (283 BC)]]'': A Roman army defeated a combined force of [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscans]], [[Boii]] and [[Senones]] near [[Lake Vadimo]].;;;;-283;; | ||
[[Taranto]] appealed to [[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirus]] for aid against Rome.;;;;-281;; | [[Taranto]] appealed to [[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirus]] for aid against Rome.;;;;-281;; | ||
''[[Pyrrhic War]]'': An [[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirote]] army of some 25,000 landed at [[Taranto]].;;;;-280;; | ''[[Pyrrhic War]]'': An [[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirote]] army of some 25,000 landed at [[Taranto]].;;;;-280;; | ||
''[[Battle of Heraclea]]'': A [[Magna Graecia|Greek]] coalition force led by the [[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirote]] king [[Pyrrhus of Epirus]] defeated a Roman army after their deployment of war elephants at [[Heraclea Lucania]].;;;;07.-280;; | ''[[Battle of Heraclea]]'': A [[Magna Graecia|Greek]] coalition force led by the [[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirote]] king [[Pyrrhus of Epirus]] defeated a Roman army after their deployment of war elephants at [[Heraclea Lucania]].;;;;07.-280;; | ||
''[[Battle of Asculum]]'': A [[Magna Graecia|Greek]] force led by the [[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirote]] king [[Pyrrhus of Epirus|Pyrrhus]] defeated a Roman army at modern [[Ascoli Satriano]], despite suffering heavy losses.;;;;-279;; | ''[[Battle of Asculum]]'': A [[Magna Graecia|Greek]] force led by the [[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirote]] king [[Pyrrhus of Epirus|Pyrrhus]] defeated a Roman army at modern [[Ascoli Satriano]], despite suffering heavy losses.;;;;-279;; | ||
''[[Battle of Beneventum (275 BC | ''[[Battle of Beneventum (275 BC)]]'': Roman and [[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirote]] armies met in a bloody battle at [[Benevento]].;;;;-275;; | ||
''Pyrrhic War'': [[Pyrrhus of Epirus|Pyrrhus]] withdrew with his army to [[Epirus]].;;;;-272;; | ''Pyrrhic War'': [[Pyrrhus of Epirus|Pyrrhus]] withdrew with his army to [[Epirus]].;;;;-272;; | ||
''Pyrrhic War'': [[Taranto]] surrendered to Rome.;;;;-272;; | ''Pyrrhic War'': [[Taranto]] surrendered to Rome.;;;;-272;; | ||
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''[[Battle of Cannae]]'': The [[Ancient Carthage|Carthaginian]] [[general officer|general]] [[Hannibal]] decisively defeated a numerically superior Roman force at [[Cannae]].;;;;08.02.-216;; | ''[[Battle of Cannae]]'': The [[Ancient Carthage|Carthaginian]] [[general officer|general]] [[Hannibal]] decisively defeated a numerically superior Roman force at [[Cannae]].;;;;08.02.-216;; | ||
''[[First Macedonian War]]'': A [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonian]] fleet captured [[Oricum]].;;;;-214;; | ''[[First Macedonian War]]'': A [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonian]] fleet captured [[Oricum]].;;;;-214;; | ||
''[[Siege of Syracuse (214–212 BC | ''[[Siege of Syracuse (214–212 BC)]]'': Rome laid siege to [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]].;;;;-214;; | ||
''Siege of Syracuse ( | ''Siege of Syracuse (214–212 BC)'': Roman forces breached the inner citadel of [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]] and slaughtered its inhabitants.;;;;-212;; | ||
''First Macedonian War'': Rome and [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]] signed the [[Treaty of Phoenice]], according to which Macedonia renounced its alliance with [[Ancient Carthage|Carthage]] in exchange for Roman recognition of its gains in [[Illyria]].;;;;-205;; | ''First Macedonian War'': Rome and [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]] signed the [[Treaty of Phoenice]], according to which Macedonia renounced its alliance with [[Ancient Carthage|Carthage]] in exchange for Roman recognition of its gains in [[Illyria]].;;;;-205;; | ||
''Second Punic War'': The [[Roman consul|consul]] [[Scipio Africanus]] landed an invasion fleet at [[Utica, Tunisia|Utica]].;;;;-204;; | ''Second Punic War'': The [[Roman consul|consul]] [[Scipio Africanus]] landed an invasion fleet at [[Utica, Tunisia|Utica]].;;;;-204;; | ||
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The [[Roman province|province]] of [[Macedonia (Roman province)|Macedonia]] was organized.;;;;-146;; | The [[Roman province|province]] of [[Macedonia (Roman province)|Macedonia]] was organized.;;;;-146;; | ||
The [[Roman province|province]] of [[Africa (Roman province)|Africa]] was organized on captured [[Ancient Carthage|Carthaginian]] territory.;;;;-146;; | The [[Roman province|province]] of [[Africa (Roman province)|Africa]] was organized on captured [[Ancient Carthage|Carthaginian]] territory.;;;;-146;; | ||
''Lusitanian War'': The [[Lusitanians|Lusitanian]] leader [[Viriatus]] was assassinated by his three [[ambassador]]s to Rome [[Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus]].;;;;- | ''Lusitanian War'': The [[Lusitanians|Lusitanian]] leader [[Viriatus]] was assassinated by his three [[ambassador]]s to Rome [[Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus]].;;;;-139;; | ||
''[[Ballot laws of the Roman Republic|Lex Gabinia tabellaria]]'': required a secret ballot in elections of all magistrates.;;;;-139;; | ''[[Ballot laws of the Roman Republic|Lex Gabinia tabellaria]]'': required a secret ballot in elections of all magistrates.;;;;-139;; | ||
The [[Tribune of the Plebs]] [[Tiberius Gracchus]] was beaten to death by a mob of [[Roman Senate|senators]] led by the ''[[Pontifex Maximus]]'' [[Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio (consul 138 BC | The [[Tribune of the Plebs]] [[Tiberius Gracchus]] was beaten to death by a mob of [[Roman Senate|senators]] led by the ''[[Pontifex Maximus]]'' [[Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio (consul 138 BC)]].;;;;-133;; | ||
The [[Roman province|province]] of [[Gallia Narbonensis]] was organized.;;;;- | The [[Roman province|province]] of [[Gallia Narbonensis]] was organized.;;;;-121;; | ||
The first ''[[Senatus consultum ultimum]]'' was passed, granting the [[Roman consul|consul]] [[Lucius Opimius]] emergency powers to defeat the partisans of [[Gaius Gracchus]].;;;;-121;; | The first ''[[Senatus consultum ultimum]]'' was passed, granting the [[Roman consul|consul]] [[Lucius Opimius]] emergency powers to defeat the partisans of [[Gaius Gracchus]].;;;;-121;; | ||
''[[Jugurthine War]]'': Rome declared war on [[Numidia]].;;;;- | ''[[Jugurthine War]]'': Rome declared war on [[Numidia]].;;;;-112;; | ||
[[Gaius Marius]] was elected [[Roman consul|consul]].;;;;- | [[Gaius Marius]] was elected [[Roman consul|consul]].;;;;-107;; | ||
[[Gaius Marius|Marius]] instituted the [[Marian reforms]] of the [[military of ancient Rome|military]], among them the establishment of a standing army and the recruitment of non-property owners.;;;;-107;; | [[Gaius Marius|Marius]] instituted the [[Marian reforms]] of the [[military of ancient Rome|military]], among them the establishment of a standing army and the recruitment of non-property owners.;;;;-107;; | ||
[[Gaius Marius|Marius]] was reelected [[Roman consul|consul]].;;;;- | [[Gaius Marius|Marius]] was reelected [[Roman consul|consul]].;;;;-106;; | ||
''Jugurthine War'': The [[Numidia]]n king [[Jugurtha]] was imprisoned in the [[Mamertine Prison]].;;;;-106;; | ''Jugurthine War'': The [[Numidia]]n king [[Jugurtha]] was imprisoned in the [[Mamertine Prison]].;;;;-106;; | ||
''[[Battle of Arausio]]'': A coalition of the [[Cimbri]] and [[Teutons]] inflicted a serious defeat on the Roman army at modern [[Orange, Vaucluse|Orange]]. Some hundred thousand Roman soldiers were killed.;;;;- | ''[[Battle of Arausio]]'': A coalition of the [[Cimbri]] and [[Teutons]] inflicted a serious defeat on the Roman army at modern [[Orange, Vaucluse|Orange]]. Some hundred thousand Roman soldiers were killed.;;;;10.06.-105;; | ||
[[Gaius Marius|Marius]] was elected [[Roman consul|consul]] for the first of three years in a row.;;;; | [[Gaius Marius|Marius]] was elected [[Roman consul|consul]] for the first of three years in a row.;;;;-104;; | ||
''[[Battle of Aquae Sextiae]]'': Rome decisively defeated the forces of the [[Teutons]] and [[Ambrones]] and killed some ninety thousand soldiers and civilians.;;;;- | ''[[Battle of Aquae Sextiae]]'': Rome decisively defeated the forces of the [[Teutons]] and [[Ambrones]] and killed some ninety thousand soldiers and civilians.;;;;-102;; | ||
''[[Battle of Vercellae]]'': An invasion of Italy by the [[Cimbri]] was decisively defeated by a numerically inferior Roman force. Some hundred thousand Cimbri soldiers and civilians were killed along with their king [[Boiorix]].;;;;- | ''[[Battle of Vercellae]]'': An invasion of Italy by the [[Cimbri]] was decisively defeated by a numerically inferior Roman force. Some hundred thousand Cimbri soldiers and civilians were killed along with their king [[Boiorix]].;;;;-101;; | ||
[[Gaius Marius|Marius]] was elected [[Roman consul|consul]].;;;;- | [[Gaius Marius|Marius]] was elected [[Roman consul|consul]].;;;;-100;; | ||
Assassins hired by [[Gaius Marius|Marius]]'s political allies [[Lucius Appuleius Saturninus]] and [[Gaius Servilius Glaucia]] beat to death [[Gaius Memmius (tribune)|Gaius Memmius]], a candidate for the [[Roman consul|consulship]].;;;;-100;; | Assassins hired by [[Gaius Marius|Marius]]'s political allies [[Lucius Appuleius Saturninus]] and [[Gaius Servilius Glaucia]] beat to death [[Gaius Memmius (tribune)|Gaius Memmius]], a candidate for the [[Roman consul|consulship]].;;;;12.10.-100;; | ||
''[[Social War (91–88 BC | ''[[Social War (91–88 BC)]]'': The Roman [[client state|clients]] in Italy the [[Marsi]], the [[Paeligni]], the [[Vestini]], the [[Marrucini]], the [[Picentes]], the [[Frentani]], the [[Hirpini]], the [[Iapyges]], [[Pompeii]], [[Venosa]], [[Lucania]] and [[Samnium]] rebelled against Rome.;;;;-91;; | ||
''[[Sulla's first civil war]]'': The [[Roman consul|consul]] [[Sulla]] led an army of his partisans across the [[pomerium]] into [[Rome]].;;;;- | ''[[Sulla's first civil war]]'': The [[Roman consul|consul]] [[Sulla]] led an army of his partisans across the [[pomerium]] into [[Rome]].;;;;-88;; | ||
''Social War ( | ''Social War (91–89 BC)'': The war ended.;;;;-88;; | ||
''[[First Mithridatic War]]'': Roman forces landed at [[Epirus]].;;;;- | ''[[First Mithridatic War]]'': Roman forces landed at [[Epirus]].;;;;-87;; | ||
''First Mithridatic War'': A peace was agreed between Rome and [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]] under which the latter returned to its prewar borders.;;;;- | ''First Mithridatic War'': A peace was agreed between Rome and [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]] under which the latter returned to its prewar borders.;;;;-85;; | ||
''[[Sulla's second civil war]]'': [[Sulla]] landed with an army at [[Brindisi]].;;;;- | ''[[Sulla's second civil war]]'': [[Sulla]] landed with an army at [[Brindisi]].;;;;-83;; | ||
''[[Second Mithridatic War]]'': The Roman [[general officer|general]] [[Lucius Licinius Murena (propraetor in Asia)|Lucius Licinius Murena]] invaded [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]].;;;;-83;; | ''[[Second Mithridatic War]]'': The Roman [[general officer|general]] [[Lucius Licinius Murena (propraetor in Asia)|Lucius Licinius Murena]] invaded [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]].;;;;-83;; | ||
''Sulla's second civil war'': [[Sulla]] was declared [[Roman dictator|dictator]].;;;;- | ''Sulla's second civil war'': [[Sulla]] was declared [[Roman dictator|dictator]].;;;;-82;; | ||
''Second Mithridatic War'': [[Lucius Licinius Murena (propraetor in Asia)|Murena]] withdrew from [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]].;;;;- | ''Second Mithridatic War'': [[Lucius Licinius Murena (propraetor in Asia)|Murena]] withdrew from [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]].;;;;-81;; | ||
[[Sulla]] resigns [[Roman dictator|dictatorship]] after enacting numerous reforms in the same year.;;;;-81;; | [[Sulla]] resigns [[Roman dictator|dictatorship]] after enacting numerous reforms in the same year.;;;;-81;; | ||
Final [[Roman consul|consulship]] of [[Sulla]], he leaves Rome once the year is over.;;;;- | Final [[Roman consul|consulship]] of [[Sulla]], he leaves Rome once the year is over.;;;;-80;; | ||
'[[Sertorian War]]'': [[Quintus Sertorius]] landed on the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in support of a [[Lusitanians|Lusitanian]] rebellion.;;;;-80;; | '[[Sertorian War]]'': [[Quintus Sertorius]] landed on the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in support of a [[Lusitanians|Lusitanian]] rebellion.;;;;-80;; | ||
''[[Third Mithridatic War]]'': [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]] invaded [[Bithynia]].;;;;- | ''[[Third Mithridatic War]]'': [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]] invaded [[Bithynia]].;;;;-73;; | ||
''[[Third Servile War]]'': Some seventy [[gladiator]]s, slaves of [[Lentulus Batiatus]] in [[Capua]], made a violent escape.;;;;-73;; | ''[[Third Servile War]]'': Some seventy [[gladiator]]s, slaves of [[Lentulus Batiatus]] in [[Capua]], made a violent escape.;;;;-73;; | ||
''Sertorian War'': [[Marcus Perpenna Vento]], by now the leader of the Romans in revolt in [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]], was executed by the general [[Pompey]].;;;;- | ''Sertorian War'': [[Marcus Perpenna Vento]], by now the leader of the Romans in revolt in [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]], was executed by the general [[Pompey]].;;;;-72;; | ||
''Third Servile War'': The slaves in rebellion were decisively defeated by Roman forces near [[Petelia]]. Their leader [[Spartacus]] was killed.;;;;- | ''Third Servile War'': The slaves in rebellion were decisively defeated by Roman forces near [[Petelia]]. Their leader [[Spartacus]] was killed.;;;;-71;; | ||
The last of the [[Cilician pirates]] were wiped out by [[Pompey]].;;;;- | The last of the [[Cilician pirates]] were wiped out by [[Pompey]].;;;;-66;; | ||
''Third Mithridatic War'': Defeated, the [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontic]] king [[Mithridates VI of Pontus]] ordered his friend and bodyguard to kill him.;;;;- | ''Third Mithridatic War'': Defeated, the [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontic]] king [[Mithridates VI of Pontus]] ordered his friend and bodyguard to kill him.;;;;-63;; | ||
''[[Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC | ''[[Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)]]'': [[Pompey]] conquered [[Jerusalem]] and entered the [[Holy of Holies]] of the [[Second Temple]].;;;;-63;; | ||
[[Cicero]] was elected [[Roman consul|consul]].;;;;-63;; | [[Cicero]] was elected [[Roman consul|consul]].;;;;-63;; | ||
''[[Second Catilinarian conspiracy]]'': A conspiracy led by the [[Roman Senate|senator]] [[Catiline]] to overthrow the Republic was exposed before the Senate. The five conspirators present were summarily executed in the [[Mamertine Prison]].;;;;-63;; | ''[[Second Catilinarian conspiracy]]'': A conspiracy led by the [[Roman Senate|senator]] [[Catiline]] to overthrow the Republic was exposed before the Senate. The five conspirators present were summarily executed in the [[Mamertine Prison]].;;;;-63;; | ||
[[Pompey]] joined a political alliance, the so-called [[First Triumvirate]], with the [[Roman consul|consul]] [[Julius Caesar]] and the [[Roman censor|censor]] [[Marcus Licinius Crassus]].;;;;- | [[Pompey]] joined a political alliance, the so-called [[First Triumvirate]], with the [[Roman consul|consul]] [[Julius Caesar]] and the [[Roman censor|censor]] [[Marcus Licinius Crassus]].;;;;-60;; | ||
[[Roman consul|Consulship]] of [[Julius Caesar]].;;;;- | [[Roman consul|Consulship]] of [[Julius Caesar]].;;;;-59;; | ||
''[[Gallic Wars]]'': Roman forces barred the westward migration of the [[Helvetii]] across the [[Rhône]].;;;;- | ''[[Gallic Wars]]'': Roman forces barred the westward migration of the [[Helvetii]] across the [[Rhône]].;;;;-58;; | ||
''[[Battle of Carrhae]]'': A [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] army decisively defeated a numerically superior Roman invasion force near [[Harran]]. [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]] was killed.;;;;- | ''[[Battle of Carrhae]]'': A [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] army decisively defeated a numerically superior Roman invasion force near [[Harran]]. [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]] was killed.;;;;05.06.-53;; | ||
''Gallic Wars'': The last [[Gauls|Gaulish]] rebels were defeated.;;;; | ''Gallic Wars'': The last [[Gauls|Gaulish]] rebels were defeated.;;;;-50;; | ||
''[[Caesar's Civil War]]'': [[Julius Caesar]] illegally crossed the [[Rubicon]] into Italy with his army.;;;;- | ''[[Caesar's Civil War]]'': [[Julius Caesar]] illegally crossed the [[Rubicon]] into Italy with his army.;;;;01.10.-49;; | ||
''Caesar's Civil War'': [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]] landed at [[Durrës]] in pursuit of [[Pompey]] and his partisans the [[optimates]].;;;;01. | ''Caesar's Civil War'': [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]] landed at [[Durrës]] in pursuit of [[Pompey]] and his partisans the [[optimates]].;;;;01.04.-48;; | ||
[[Julius Caesar|Caesar]] left Africa for [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]] in pursuit of [[Pompey]]'s sons [[Gnaeus Pompeius (son of Pompey the Great)|Gnaeus Pompeius]] and [[Sextus Pompey]].;;;; | [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]] left Africa for [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]] in pursuit of [[Pompey]]'s sons [[Gnaeus Pompeius (son of Pompey the Great)|Gnaeus Pompeius]] and [[Sextus Pompey]].;;;;11.-46;; | ||
''[[Assassination of Julius Caesar]]'': [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was assassinated in the [[Theatre of Pompey]] by a conspiracy of [[Roman Senate|senators]].;;;;03.15.-44;; | ''[[Assassination of Julius Caesar]]'': [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was assassinated in the [[Theatre of Pompey]] by a conspiracy of [[Roman Senate|senators]].;;;;03.15.-44;; | ||
The ''[[Lex Titia]]'' was passed, granting the [[Second Triumvirate]] of Octavius (later known as [[Augustus]]), [[Mark Antony]] and [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)|Marcus Aemilius Lepidus]] the power to make and annul laws and appoint magistrates.;;;;11.27.-43;; | The ''[[Lex Titia]]'' was passed, granting the [[Second Triumvirate]] of Octavius (later known as [[Augustus]]), [[Mark Antony]] and [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)|Marcus Aemilius Lepidus]] the power to make and annul laws and appoint magistrates.;;;;11.27.-43;; | ||
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[[Claudius]] died. [[Nero]] succeeded him as ''[[princeps]]''.;;;;10.13.54;; | [[Claudius]] died. [[Nero]] succeeded him as ''[[princeps]]''.;;;;10.13.54;; | ||
[[Claudius|Claudius's]] young natural son [[Britannicus]] died, probably by poison.;;;;02.11.55;; | [[Claudius|Claudius's]] young natural son [[Britannicus]] died, probably by poison.;;;;02.11.55;; | ||
''[[Roman–Parthian War of 58–63|Roman–Parthian War of | ''[[Roman–Parthian War of 58–63|Roman–Parthian War of 58–63]]'': Roman forces attacked [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenia]] in support of their preferred [[king]] [[Tigranes VI of Armenia]] against the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] candidate [[Tiridates I of Armenia]].;;;;58;; | ||
[[Agrippina the Younger|Agrippina]] died, probably murdered by her son [[Nero]].;;;;03.23.59;; | [[Agrippina the Younger|Agrippina]] died, probably murdered by her son [[Nero]].;;;;03.23.59;; | ||
[[Boudica]], a [[queen regnant|queen]] of the [[Iceni]], was appointed to lead a revolt of the Iceni and the [[Trinovantes]] against Rome.;;;;60;; | [[Boudica]], a [[queen regnant|queen]] of the [[Iceni]], was appointed to lead a revolt of the Iceni and the [[Trinovantes]] against Rome.;;;;60;; | ||
''[[Battle of Watling Street]]'': Some eighty thousand soldiers and civilians among the [[Iceni]] and [[Trinovantes]] were killed, probably in the modern [[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]], ending [[Boudica|Boudica's]] revolt.;;;;61;; | ''[[Battle of Watling Street]]'': Some eighty thousand soldiers and civilians among the [[Iceni]] and [[Trinovantes]] were killed, probably in the modern [[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]], ending [[Boudica|Boudica's]] revolt.;;;;61;; | ||
''Roman–Parthian War of | ''Roman–Parthian War of 58–63'': The Roman and [[Parthian Empire]]s agreed that [[Tiridates I of Armenia|Tiridates]] and his descendants would remain [[king]]s of [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenia]] as Roman [[client state|clients]], ending the war.;;;;63;; | ||
''[[Great Fire of Rome]]'': A fire began which would cause massive property damage and loss of life over six days in [[Rome]].;;;;07.18.64;; | ''[[Great Fire of Rome]]'': A fire began which would cause massive property damage and loss of life over six days in [[Rome]].;;;;07.18.64;; | ||
[[Nero]] began construction of his large and extravagant villa the [[Domus Aurea]].;;;;64;; | [[Nero]] began construction of his large and extravagant villa the [[Domus Aurea]].;;;;64;; | ||
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[[Gnaeus Julius Agricola]] was appointed [[Roman consul|consul]] and [[Roman governor|governor]] of [[Roman Britain|Britain]].;;;;77;; | [[Gnaeus Julius Agricola]] was appointed [[Roman consul|consul]] and [[Roman governor|governor]] of [[Roman Britain|Britain]].;;;;77;; | ||
[[Vespasian]] died. He was succeeded by his son [[Titus]].;;;;06.23.79;; | [[Vespasian]] died. He was succeeded by his son [[Titus]].;;;;06.23.79;; | ||
''[[Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79|Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in | ''[[Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79|Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79]]'': [[Mount Vesuvius]] erupted, destroying the cities of [[Pompeii]] and [[Herculaneum]].;;;;08.24.79;; | ||
[[Rome]] was partially destroyed by fire.;;;;80;; | [[Rome]] was partially destroyed by fire.;;;;80;; | ||
The [[Colosseum]] was completed.;;;;03.80;; | The [[Colosseum]] was completed.;;;;03.80;; | ||
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[[Nerva]] adopted the [[general officer|general]] and former [[Roman consul|consul]] [[Trajan]] as his son.;;;;97;; | [[Nerva]] adopted the [[general officer|general]] and former [[Roman consul|consul]] [[Trajan]] as his son.;;;;97;; | ||
[[Nerva]] died. [[Trajan]] succeeded him.;;;;01.27.98;; | [[Nerva]] died. [[Trajan]] succeeded him.;;;;01.27.98;; | ||
''[[First Dacian War]]'': Rome invaded Dacia.;;;;101;; | ''[[First Dacian War]]'': Rome invaded Dacia.;;;;101;; | ||
''[[Second Battle of Tapae]]'': [[Dacia]]n forces retreated from contact with the Romans at [[Tapae]].;;;;09.101;; | ''[[Second Battle of Tapae]]'': [[Dacia]]n forces retreated from contact with the Romans at [[Tapae]].;;;;09.101;; | ||
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The construction of the [[Antonine Wall]] at the northern border of [[Roman Britain|Britain]] began.;;;;142;; | The construction of the [[Antonine Wall]] at the northern border of [[Roman Britain|Britain]] began.;;;;142;; | ||
[[Antoninus Pius|Antoninus]] died. He was succeeded by [[Marcus Aurelius|Marcus]] and [[Lucius Verus]].;;;;03.07.161;; | [[Antoninus Pius|Antoninus]] died. He was succeeded by [[Marcus Aurelius|Marcus]] and [[Lucius Verus]].;;;;03.07.161;; | ||
''[[Roman–Parthian War of 161–166|Roman–Parthian War of | ''[[Roman–Parthian War of 161–166|Roman–Parthian War of 161–166]]'': The [[Parthian Empire]] deposed the [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenian]] [[king]] [[Sohaemus of Armenia]], a Roman client, and installed [[Bakur]].;;;;161;; | ||
''[[Antonine Plague]]'': A pandemic, probably of smallpox or measles, began which would kill some five million people throughout the Roman Empire.;;;;165;; | ''[[Antonine Plague]]'': A pandemic, probably of smallpox or measles, began which would kill some five million people throughout the Roman Empire.;;;;165;; | ||
''Roman–Parthian War of | ''Roman–Parthian War of 161–166'': Roman forces sacked the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] capital [[Ctesiphon]].;;;;166;; | ||
[[Lucius Verus]] died of disease, leaving [[Marcus Aurelius|Marcus]] the sole ruler of Rome.;;;;169;; | [[Lucius Verus]] died of disease, leaving [[Marcus Aurelius|Marcus]] the sole ruler of Rome.;;;;169;; | ||
''[[Marcomannic Wars]]'': A coalition of [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] tribes led by the [[Marcomanni]] invaded the Roman Empire across the [[Danube]].;;;;169;; | ''[[Marcomannic Wars]]'': A coalition of [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] tribes led by the [[Marcomanni]] invaded the Roman Empire across the [[Danube]].;;;;169;; | ||
| Line 334: | Line 333: | ||
The [[Legio XIV Gemina]] acclaimed its commander [[Septimius Severus]] ruler of Rome at [[Carnuntum]].;;;;04.14.193;; | The [[Legio XIV Gemina]] acclaimed its commander [[Septimius Severus]] ruler of Rome at [[Carnuntum]].;;;;04.14.193;; | ||
The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] recognized [[Septimius Severus]] as ruler of Rome and sentenced [[Didius Julianus|Julianus]] to death.;;;;05.193;; | The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] recognized [[Septimius Severus]] as ruler of Rome and sentenced [[Didius Julianus|Julianus]] to death.;;;;05.193;; | ||
''[[Battle of Issus (194)|Battle of Issus ( | ''[[Battle of Issus (194)|Battle of Issus (194)]]'': [[Pescennius Niger|Niger's]] forces were decisively defeated by the armies of [[Septimius Severus]] at [[Issus (town)|Issus]].;;;;194;; | ||
[[Clodius Albinus]], the commander of Roman troops in [[Roman Britain|Britain]] and [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]], took the title ''Imperator Caesar Decimus Clodius Septimius Albinus Augustus''.;;;;196;; | [[Clodius Albinus]], the commander of Roman troops in [[Roman Britain|Britain]] and [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]], took the title ''Imperator Caesar Decimus Clodius Septimius Albinus Augustus''.;;;;196;; | ||
''[[Battle of Lugdunum]]'': [[Septimius Severus]] and [[Clodius Albinus|Albinus]] met in battle at [[Lugdunum]].;;;;02.19.197;; | ''[[Battle of Lugdunum]]'': [[Septimius Severus]] and [[Clodius Albinus|Albinus]] met in battle at [[Lugdunum]].;;;;02.19.197;; | ||
| Line 340: | Line 339: | ||
''Roman–Parthian Wars'': [[Septimius Severus]] sacked the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] capital [[Ctesiphon]].;;;;197;; | ''Roman–Parthian Wars'': [[Septimius Severus]] sacked the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] capital [[Ctesiphon]].;;;;197;; | ||
[[Septimius Severus]] appointed his eldest natural son [[Caracalla]] co-ruler with himself.;;;;198;; | [[Septimius Severus]] appointed his eldest natural son [[Caracalla]] co-ruler with himself.;;;;198;; | ||
''[[Roman invasion of Caledonia 208–210|Roman invasion of Caledonia | ''[[Roman invasion of Caledonia 208–210|Roman invasion of Caledonia 208–210]]'': [[Septimius Severus]] invaded modern [[Scotland]].;;;;208;; | ||
[[Septimius Severus]] named his youngest natural son [[Publius Septimius Geta]] co-ruler with himself and [[Caracalla]].;;;;209;; | [[Septimius Severus]] named his youngest natural son [[Publius Septimius Geta]] co-ruler with himself and [[Caracalla]].;;;;209;; | ||
[[Septimius Severus]] died.;;;;02.04.211;; | [[Septimius Severus]] died.;;;;02.04.211;; | ||
''Roman invasion of Caledonia | ''Roman invasion of Caledonia 208–210'': [[Caracalla]] ended the campaign.;;;;211;; | ||
[[Publius Septimius Geta|Geta]] was murdered in his mother's arms by members of the [[Praetorian Guard]] loyal to [[Caracalla]].;;;;12.26.211;; | [[Publius Septimius Geta|Geta]] was murdered in his mother's arms by members of the [[Praetorian Guard]] loyal to [[Caracalla]].;;;;12.26.211;; | ||
[[Constitutio Antoniniana]] was an edict issued by [[Caracalla]] declaring that all free men in the Roman Empire were to be given full Roman citizenship and that all free women in the Empire were to be given the same rights as Roman men.;;;;212;; | [[Constitutio Antoniniana]] was an edict issued by [[Caracalla]] declaring that all free men in the Roman Empire were to be given full Roman citizenship and that all free women in the Empire were to be given the same rights as Roman men.;;;;212;; | ||
| Line 356: | Line 355: | ||
[[Gordian I]], [[Roman governor|governor]] of [[Africa (Roman province)|Africa]], accepted the rule of Rome at the urging of rebels in his [[Roman province|province]]. He appointed his son [[Gordian II]] to rule jointly with him.;;;;03.22.238;; | [[Gordian I]], [[Roman governor|governor]] of [[Africa (Roman province)|Africa]], accepted the rule of Rome at the urging of rebels in his [[Roman province|province]]. He appointed his son [[Gordian II]] to rule jointly with him.;;;;03.22.238;; | ||
The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] accepted [[Gordian I]] and [[Gordian II]] as rulers of Rome.;;;;04.02.238;; | The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] accepted [[Gordian I]] and [[Gordian II]] as rulers of Rome.;;;;04.02.238;; | ||
''[[Battle of Carthage (238)|Battle of Carthage ( | ''[[Battle of Carthage (238)|Battle of Carthage (238)]]'': Forces loyal to [[Gordian I]] and [[Gordian II]] were defeated by the army of [[Capelianus]], the [[Roman governor|governor]] of [[Numidia]], who claimed fealty to [[Maximinus Thrax|Maximinus]]. Gordian II was killed. Gordian I committed suicide.;;;;04.238;; | ||
The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] elected two senators, [[Pupienus]] and [[Balbinus]], as joint rulers of the Empire.;;;;04.22.238;; | The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] elected two senators, [[Pupienus]] and [[Balbinus]], as joint rulers of the Empire.;;;;04.22.238;; | ||
Facing popular opposition to [[Pupienus]] and [[Balbinus]], the [[Roman Senate|Senate]] gave [[Gordian I|Gordian I's]] young grandson [[Gordian III]] the title [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]].;;;;04.22.238;; | Facing popular opposition to [[Pupienus]] and [[Balbinus]], the [[Roman Senate|Senate]] gave [[Gordian I|Gordian I's]] young grandson [[Gordian III]] the title [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]].;;;;04.22.238;; | ||
| Line 396: | Line 395: | ||
[[Zenobia]] was arrested ''en route'' to refuge in the [[Sasanian Empire]].;;;;272;; | [[Zenobia]] was arrested ''en route'' to refuge in the [[Sasanian Empire]].;;;;272;; | ||
[[Palmyra]] rebelled against Roman authority and was destroyed.;;;;273;; | [[Palmyra]] rebelled against Roman authority and was destroyed.;;;;273;; | ||
''[[Battle of Châlons (274)|Battle of Châlons ( | ''[[Battle of Châlons (274)|Battle of Châlons (274)]]'': [[Aurelian]] defeated the forces of [[Tetricus I]] and [[Tetricus II]] at modern [[Châlons-en-Champagne]].;;;;274;; | ||
[[Aurelian]] was murdered by the [[Praetorian Guard]].;;;;09.275;; | [[Aurelian]] was murdered by the [[Praetorian Guard]].;;;;09.275;; | ||
The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] elected [[Tacitus (emperor)]] ruler of Rome.;;;;09.25.275;; | The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] elected [[Tacitus (emperor)]] ruler of Rome.;;;;09.25.275;; | ||
| Line 442: | Line 441: | ||
''[[Battle of Mardia]]'': After a bloody battle, probably at modern [[Harmanli]], [[Licinius]] retreated from contact with [[Constantine the Great]].;;;;317;; | ''[[Battle of Mardia]]'': After a bloody battle, probably at modern [[Harmanli]], [[Licinius]] retreated from contact with [[Constantine the Great]].;;;;317;; | ||
[[Licinius]] recognized [[Constantine the Great]] as his superior, ceded all his territories outside of [[Thrace]], and agreed to depose and execute [[Valerius Valens]], whom he had raised to ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]''.;;;;03.01.317;; | [[Licinius]] recognized [[Constantine the Great]] as his superior, ceded all his territories outside of [[Thrace]], and agreed to depose and execute [[Valerius Valens]], whom he had raised to ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]''.;;;;03.01.317;; | ||
''[[Battle of Adrianople (324)|Battle of Adrianople ( | ''[[Battle of Adrianople (324)|Battle of Adrianople (324)]]'': [[Licinius]] suffered a bloody defeat at the hands of [[Constantine the Great]] on the [[Maritsa]].;;;;07.03.324;; | ||
''[[Battle of Chrysopolis]]'': [[Constantine the Great]] dealt a decisive defeat to the remnants of [[Licinius|Licinius's]] army. Licinius surrendered.;;;;09.18.324;; | ''[[Battle of Chrysopolis]]'': [[Constantine the Great]] dealt a decisive defeat to the remnants of [[Licinius|Licinius's]] army. Licinius surrendered.;;;;09.18.324;; | ||
''[[First Council of Nicaea]]'': An [[ecumenical council]] called by [[Constantine the Great]] at [[Nicaea]] opened which would establish the [[Nicene Creed]], asserting [[Jesus]] to be equal to and of the same substance as [[God the Father]].;;;;05.20.325;; | ''[[First Council of Nicaea]]'': An [[ecumenical council]] called by [[Constantine the Great]] at [[Nicaea]] opened which would establish the [[Nicene Creed]], asserting [[Jesus]] to be equal to and of the same substance as [[God the Father]].;;;;05.20.325;; | ||
| Line 480: | Line 479: | ||
The army acclaimed [[Valentinian I|Valentinian the Great's]] young son [[Valentinian II]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' of the [[Western Roman Empire|west]].;;;;22 November;; | The army acclaimed [[Valentinian I|Valentinian the Great's]] young son [[Valentinian II]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' of the [[Western Roman Empire|west]].;;;;22 November;; | ||
Fleeing [[Huns|Hunnic]] aggression, the [[Goths]], under the leadership of the [[Thervingi]] [[tribal chief|chieftain]] [[Fritigern]], crossed the [[Danube]] and entered the eastern Empire as political refugees.;;;;376;; | Fleeing [[Huns|Hunnic]] aggression, the [[Goths]], under the leadership of the [[Thervingi]] [[tribal chief|chieftain]] [[Fritigern]], crossed the [[Danube]] and entered the eastern Empire as political refugees.;;;;376;; | ||
''[[Gothic War (376–382)|Gothic War ( | ''[[Gothic War (376–382)|Gothic War (376–382)]]'': Following the deaths of several Roman soldiers during civil unrest in [[Thrace]], the officer [[Lupicinus (Roman)]] arrested [[Fritigern]] and the [[Greuthungi]] [[tribal chief|chieftain]] [[Alatheus]].;;;;376;; | ||
''[[Battle of Adrianople]]'': A combined [[Goths|Gothic]]-[[Alans|Alanic]] force decisively defeated the Roman army near [[Edirne]]. [[Valens]] was killed.;;;;08.09.378;; | ''[[Battle of Adrianople]]'': A combined [[Goths|Gothic]]-[[Alans|Alanic]] force decisively defeated the Roman army near [[Edirne]]. [[Valens]] was killed.;;;;08.09.378;; | ||
[[Gratian]] named the [[general officer|general]] [[Theodosius I|Theodosius I the Great]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' in the east.;;;;01.19.379;; | [[Gratian]] named the [[general officer|general]] [[Theodosius I|Theodosius I the Great]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' in the east.;;;;01.19.379;; | ||
[[Theodosius I|Theodosius the Great]] issued the [[Edict of Thessalonica]], making [[Christianity]] the [[state church of the Roman Empire]].;;;;02.27.380;; | [[Theodosius I|Theodosius the Great]] issued the [[Edict of Thessalonica]], making [[Christianity]] the [[state church of the Roman Empire]].;;;;02.27.380;; | ||
''Gothic War ( | ''Gothic War (376–382)'': The [[Goths]] were made ''[[foederati]]'' of Rome and granted land and autonomy in [[Thrace]], ending the war.;;;;10.03.382;; | ||
[[Gratian]] was delivered by mutineers to the ''[[Magister equitum]]'' [[Andragathius]] and executed.;;;;08.25.383;; | [[Gratian]] was delivered by mutineers to the ''[[Magister equitum]]'' [[Andragathius]] and executed.;;;;08.25.383;; | ||
[[Valentinian II]] was found hanged in his residence. He may have been murdered by his guardian, the [[Franks|Frankish]] [[general officer|general]] [[Arbogast (magister militum)|Arbogast]].;;;;05.15.392;; | [[Valentinian II]] was found hanged in his residence. He may have been murdered by his guardian, the [[Franks|Frankish]] [[general officer|general]] [[Arbogast (magister militum)|Arbogast]].;;;;05.15.392;; | ||
| Line 495: | Line 494: | ||
''[[Crossing of the Rhine]]'': A coalition of foreign tribes including the [[Vandals]], [[Alans]] and [[Suebi]] invaded the [[Western Roman Empire]] across the [[Rhine]].;;;;12.31.406;; | ''[[Crossing of the Rhine]]'': A coalition of foreign tribes including the [[Vandals]], [[Alans]] and [[Suebi]] invaded the [[Western Roman Empire]] across the [[Rhine]].;;;;12.31.406;; | ||
[[Arcadius]] died.;;;;05.01.408;; | [[Arcadius]] died.;;;;05.01.408;; | ||
''[[Sack of Rome (410)|Sack of Rome ( | ''[[Sack of Rome (410)|Sack of Rome (410)]]'': [[Rome]] was sacked by the [[Visigoths]] under their [[king]] [[Alaric I]].;;;;08.24.410;; | ||
''[[End of Roman rule in Britain]]'': The last Roman forces left [[Roman Britain|Britain]].;;;;410;; | ''[[End of Roman rule in Britain]]'': The last Roman forces left [[Roman Britain|Britain]].;;;;410;; | ||
[[Honorius (emperor)|Honorius]] appointed his brother-in-law and ''[[Magister militum]]'' [[Constantius III]] co-ruler of the [[Western Roman Empire]] with himself.;;;;02.08.421;; | [[Honorius (emperor)|Honorius]] appointed his brother-in-law and ''[[Magister militum]]'' [[Constantius III]] co-ruler of the [[Western Roman Empire]] with himself.;;;;02.08.421;; | ||
| Line 509: | Line 508: | ||
The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] acclaimed [[Petronius Maximus|Maximus]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' of the [[Western Roman Empire]].;;;;03.17.455;; | The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] acclaimed [[Petronius Maximus|Maximus]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' of the [[Western Roman Empire]].;;;;03.17.455;; | ||
[[Petronius Maximus|Maximus]] was killed by a mob as he attempted to flee [[Rome]] in the face of a [[Vandal Kingdom|Vandal]] advance.;;;;05.31.455;; | [[Petronius Maximus|Maximus]] was killed by a mob as he attempted to flee [[Rome]] in the face of a [[Vandal Kingdom|Vandal]] advance.;;;;05.31.455;; | ||
''[[Sack of Rome (455)|Sack of Rome ( | ''[[Sack of Rome (455)|Sack of Rome (455)]]'': The [[Vandal Kingdom|Vandals]] entered and began to sack [[Rome]].;;;;06.02.455;; | ||
The ''[[Magister militum]]'' [[Avitus]] was pronounced ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' of the [[Western Roman Empire]] at [[Toulouse]] by the [[Visigothic Kingdom|Visigothic]] [[king]] [[Theodoric II]].;;;;07.09.455;; | The ''[[Magister militum]]'' [[Avitus]] was pronounced ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' of the [[Western Roman Empire]] at [[Toulouse]] by the [[Visigothic Kingdom|Visigothic]] [[king]] [[Theodoric II]].;;;;07.09.455;; | ||
[[Avitus]] was forced to flee [[Rome]] following a military ''coup'' by the [[general officer|general]] [[Ricimer]] and the ''[[domesticus (Roman Empire)|domesticus]]'' [[Majorian]].;;;;10.17.456;; | [[Avitus]] was forced to flee [[Rome]] following a military ''coup'' by the [[general officer|general]] [[Ricimer]] and the ''[[domesticus (Roman Empire)|domesticus]]'' [[Majorian]].;;;;10.17.456;; | ||
| Line 520: | Line 519: | ||
[[Libius Severus|Severus]] died.;;;;08.15.465;; | [[Libius Severus|Severus]] died.;;;;08.15.465;; | ||
[[Leo I the Thracian|Leo the Thracian]] elevated the ''[[comes]]'' [[Anthemius]] to [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]] with rule over the [[Western Roman Empire]].;;;;04.12.467;; | [[Leo I the Thracian|Leo the Thracian]] elevated the ''[[comes]]'' [[Anthemius]] to [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]] with rule over the [[Western Roman Empire]].;;;;04.12.467;; | ||
''[[Battle of Cap Bon (468)|Battle of Cap Bon ( | ''[[Battle of Cap Bon (468)|Battle of Cap Bon (468)]]'': The [[Vandal Kingdom]] destroyed a combined [[Western Roman Empire|Western Roman]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] invasion fleet at [[Cap Bon]].;;;;468;; | ||
[[Anthemius]] was killed in flight following [[Ricimer|Ricimer's]] conquest of [[Rome]]. [[Petronius Maximus|Maximus's]] son [[Olybrius]] was acclaimed ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' of the [[Western Roman Empire]].;;;;07.11.472;; | [[Anthemius]] was killed in flight following [[Ricimer|Ricimer's]] conquest of [[Rome]]. [[Petronius Maximus|Maximus's]] son [[Olybrius]] was acclaimed ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' of the [[Western Roman Empire]].;;;;07.11.472;; | ||
[[Ricimer]] died.;;;;08.18.472;; | [[Ricimer]] died.;;;;08.18.472;; | ||
| Line 553: | Line 552: | ||
''[[Battle of Tricamarum]]'': The Byzantines defeated a [[Vandal Kingdom|Vandal]] army and forced their [[king]] [[Gelimer]] into flight.;;;;12.15.533;; | ''[[Battle of Tricamarum]]'': The Byzantines defeated a [[Vandal Kingdom|Vandal]] army and forced their [[king]] [[Gelimer]] into flight.;;;;12.15.533;; | ||
''Vandalic War'': [[Gelimer]] surrendered to [[Belisarius]] and accepted his offer of a peaceful retirement in [[Galatia]], ending the war. The territory of the [[Vandal Kingdom]] was reorganized as the [[praetorian prefecture]] of [[praetorian prefecture of Africa|Africa]].;;;;03.534;; | ''Vandalic War'': [[Gelimer]] surrendered to [[Belisarius]] and accepted his offer of a peaceful retirement in [[Galatia]], ending the war. The territory of the [[Vandal Kingdom]] was reorganized as the [[praetorian prefecture]] of [[praetorian prefecture of Africa|Africa]].;;;;03.534;; | ||
''[[Gothic War (535–554|Gothic War ( | ''[[Gothic War (535–554|Gothic War (535–554)]]'': Byzantine forces crossing from [[praetorian prefecture of Africa|Africa]] invaded [[Sicily]], then an [[Ostrogothic Kingdom|Ostrogothic]] possession.;;;;535;; | ||
''Gothic War ( | ''Gothic War (535–554)'': Byzantium took [[Rome]] with little [[Ostrogothic Kingdom|Ostrogothic]] resistance.;;;;12.536;; | ||
The [[Hagia Sophia]] was completed.;;;;12.27.537;; | The [[Hagia Sophia]] was completed.;;;;12.27.537;; | ||
''[[Battle of Taginae]]'': A Byzantine army dealt a decisive defeat to the [[Ostrogothic Kingdom|Ostrogoths]] at [[Gualdo Tadino]]. The Ostrogoth [[king]] [[Totila]] was killed.;;;;07.552;; | ''[[Battle of Taginae]]'': A Byzantine army dealt a decisive defeat to the [[Ostrogothic Kingdom|Ostrogoths]] at [[Gualdo Tadino]]. The Ostrogoth [[king]] [[Totila]] was killed.;;;;07.552;; | ||
| Line 565: | Line 564: | ||
[[Justin II]] died.;;;;10.05.578;; | [[Justin II]] died.;;;;10.05.578;; | ||
''[[Augustus (honorific)|Augustus]]'' [[Tiberius II Constantine]] died.;;;;08.14.582;; | ''[[Augustus (honorific)|Augustus]]'' [[Tiberius II Constantine]] died.;;;;08.14.582;; | ||
''[[Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628|Byzantine–Sasanian War of | ''[[Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628|Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628]]'': The [[Sasanian Empire]] declared war on Byzantium.;;;;602;; | ||
''[[Augustus (honorific)|Augustus]]'' [[Phocas]] dedicated the [[Column of Phocas]] in the [[Roman Forum]].;;;;08.01.607;; | ''[[Augustus (honorific)|Augustus]]'' [[Phocas]] dedicated the [[Column of Phocas]] in the [[Roman Forum]].;;;;08.01.607;; | ||
''[[Siege of Constantinople (626)|Siege of Constantinople ( | ''[[Siege of Constantinople (626)|Siege of Constantinople (626)]]'': [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] and [[Avar Khaganate|Avar]] forces laid siege to [[Constantinople]].;;;;06.626;; | ||
''[[Muslim conquest of the Levant]]'': A [[Rashidun Caliphate|Rashidun]] army departed [[Medina]] for the [[Levant]].;;;;04.634;; | ''[[Muslim conquest of the Levant]]'': A [[Rashidun Caliphate|Rashidun]] army departed [[Medina]] for the [[Levant]].;;;;04.634;; | ||
''[[Muslim conquest of Egypt]]'': A [[Rashidun Caliphate|Rashidun]] force laid siege to [[Pelusium]].;;;;01.640;; | ''[[Muslim conquest of Egypt]]'': A [[Rashidun Caliphate|Rashidun]] force laid siege to [[Pelusium]].;;;;01.640;; | ||
| Line 573: | Line 572: | ||
''[[Siege of Alexandria (641)]]'': Byzantine authorities in the [[Egypt (Roman province)|Egyptian]] capital [[Alexandria]] surrendered to the besieging [[Rashidun Caliphate|Rashidun]] army.;;;;11.08.641;; | ''[[Siege of Alexandria (641)]]'': Byzantine authorities in the [[Egypt (Roman province)|Egyptian]] capital [[Alexandria]] surrendered to the besieging [[Rashidun Caliphate|Rashidun]] army.;;;;11.08.641;; | ||
''[[Basileus]]'' [[Constans II]] visited [[Rome]].;;;;663;; | ''[[Basileus]]'' [[Constans II]] visited [[Rome]].;;;;663;; | ||
''[[Battle of Carthage (698)|Battle of Carthage ( | ''[[Battle of Carthage (698)|Battle of Carthage (698)]]'': An [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] siege and blockade of [[Carthage]] forced the retreat of Byzantine forces. The city was conquered and destroyed.;;;;698;; | ||
''[[Siege of Constantinople (717–718)|Siege of Constantinople ( | ''[[Siege of Constantinople (717–718)|Siege of Constantinople (717–718)]]'': The [[Umayyad Caliphate]] besieges the city of Constantinople.;;;;717;; | ||
''[[Siege of Constantinople (717–718)|Siege of Constantinople ( | ''[[Siege of Constantinople (717–718)|Siege of Constantinople (717–718)]]'': The Ummayad Caliphate lifts the siege of Constantinople due to Famine, Disease and an unusually hard winter.;;;;08.15.718;; | ||
''[[Basileus]]'' [[Leo III the Isaurian]] promulgated an edict forbidding the veneration of religious images, beginning the first [[Byzantine Iconoclasm]].;;;;730;; | ''[[Basileus]]'' [[Leo III the Isaurian]] promulgated an edict forbidding the veneration of religious images, beginning the first [[Byzantine Iconoclasm]].;;;;730;; | ||
''[[Second Council of Nicaea]]'': An [[ecumenical council]] in [[Nicaea]] ended which endorsed the veneration of images, ending the first [[Byzantine Iconoclasm]].;;;;10.23.787;; | ''[[Second Council of Nicaea]]'': An [[ecumenical council]] in [[Nicaea]] ended which endorsed the veneration of images, ending the first [[Byzantine Iconoclasm]].;;;;10.23.787;; | ||
| Line 608: | Line 607: | ||
''[[Basileus]]'' [[Manuel I Komnenos]] died.;;;;09.24.1180;; | ''[[Basileus]]'' [[Manuel I Komnenos]] died.;;;;09.24.1180;; | ||
''[[Uprising of Asen and Peter]]'': A tax revolt began in [[Paristrion]] which would result in the establishment of the [[Second Bulgarian Empire]].;;;;10.26.1185;; | ''[[Uprising of Asen and Peter]]'': A tax revolt began in [[Paristrion]] which would result in the establishment of the [[Second Bulgarian Empire]].;;;;10.26.1185;; | ||
''[[Siege of Constantinople (1204)|Siege of Constantinople ( | ''[[Siege of Constantinople (1204)|Siege of Constantinople (1204)]]'': [[Fourth Crusade]]rs breached and sacked [[Constantinople]], deposed the ''[[basileus]]'' [[Alexios V Doukas]] and established the [[Latin Empire]] under their leader [[Baldwin I, Latin Emperor]] as [[Latin Emperor]]. [[Theodore I Laskaris]] was acclaimed ''basileus'' but forced to flee with his court to establish the [[Empire of Nicaea]] at [[Nicaea]].;;;;04.13.1204;; | ||
[[Alexios I of Trebizond]], a grandson of the former ''[[basileus]]'' [[Andronikos I Komnenos]], declared himself ruler of [[Empire of Trebizond|Trebizond]].;;;;04.1204;; | [[Alexios I of Trebizond]], a grandson of the former ''[[basileus]]'' [[Andronikos I Komnenos]], declared himself ruler of [[Empire of Trebizond|Trebizond]].;;;;04.1204;; | ||
[[Michael I Komnenos Doukas]], a descendant of [[Alexios I Komnenos]], established himself as [[despot (court title)|despot]] of [[Despotate of Epirus|Epirus]].;;;;1205;; | [[Michael I Komnenos Doukas]], a descendant of [[Alexios I Komnenos]], established himself as [[despot (court title)|despot]] of [[Despotate of Epirus|Epirus]].;;;;1205;; | ||
| Line 615: | Line 614: | ||
''[[Byzantine–Ottoman Wars]]'': The [[Ottoman Empire]] conquered [[Bursa]].;;;;1326;; | ''[[Byzantine–Ottoman Wars]]'': The [[Ottoman Empire]] conquered [[Bursa]].;;;;1326;; | ||
''Byzantine–Ottoman Wars'': The [[Ottoman Empire]] captured [[Nicaea]].;;;;1331;; | ''Byzantine–Ottoman Wars'': The [[Ottoman Empire]] captured [[Nicaea]].;;;;1331;; | ||
''[[Byzantine civil war of 1341–47|Byzantine civil war of | ''[[Byzantine civil war of 1341–47|Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347]]'': The regent [[John VI Kantakouzenos]] was declared ''[[basileus]]'' by his supporters in opposition to the young [[John V Palaiologos]].;;;;10.26.1341;; | ||
''Byzantine civil war of | ''Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347'': [[John VI Kantakouzenos|John VI]] concluded an arrangement under which he would rule as senior ''[[basileus]]'' alongside [[John V Palaiologos|John V]] for ten years.;;;;02.08.1347;; | ||
''[[Fall of Constantinople]]'': [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] forces entered [[Constantinople]]. ''[[Basileus]]'' [[Constantine XI Palaiologos]] was killed.;;;;05.29.1453;; | ''[[Fall of Constantinople]]'': [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] forces entered [[Constantinople]]. ''[[Basileus]]'' [[Constantine XI Palaiologos]] was killed.;;;;05.29.1453;; | ||
[[Category:History Timeline Page]] | [[Category:History Timeline Page]] | ||