Difference between revisions of "HistoryTimelineLayer:French Revolution"
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_French_Revolution | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_French_Revolution | ||
events: | events: | ||
[[Day of the Tiles]] in [[Grenoble]], first revolt against the king.;;;;06.07.1788; | [[Day of the Tiles]] in [[Grenoble]], first revolt against the king.;;;;06.07.1788;; | ||
[[Assembly of Vizille]], assembly of the Estates General of [[Dauphiné]].;;;;07.21.1788; | [[Assembly of Vizille]], assembly of the Estates General of [[Dauphiné]].;;;;07.21.1788;; | ||
The royal treasury is declared empty, and the [[Parlement of Paris]] refuses to reform the tax system or loan the Crown more money. To win their support for fiscal reforms, the Minister of Finance, [[Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne|Brienne]], sets May 5, 1789 for a meeting of the [[Estates General (France)|Estates General]], an assembly of the nobility, clergy and commoners (the Third Estate), which has not met since 1614.;;;;08.08.1788; | The royal treasury is declared empty, and the [[Parlement of Paris]] refuses to reform the tax system or loan the Crown more money. To win their support for fiscal reforms, the Minister of Finance, [[Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne|Brienne]], sets May 5, 1789 for a meeting of the [[Estates General (France)|Estates General]], an assembly of the nobility, clergy and commoners (the Third Estate), which has not met since 1614.;;;;08.08.1788;; | ||
The treasury suspends payments on the debts of the government.;;;;08.16.1788; | The treasury suspends payments on the debts of the government.;;;;08.16.1788;; | ||
Brienne resigns as Minister of Finance, and is replaced by the Swiss banker [[Jacques Necker]], popular with the Third Estate. French bankers and businessmen, who have always held Necker in high regard, agree to loan the state 75 million, on the condition that the Estates General will have full powers to reform the system.;;;;08.25.1788; | Brienne resigns as Minister of Finance, and is replaced by the Swiss banker [[Jacques Necker]], popular with the Third Estate. French bankers and businessmen, who have always held Necker in high regard, agree to loan the state 75 million, on the condition that the Estates General will have full powers to reform the system.;;;;08.25.1788;; | ||
Over the opposition of the nobles, Necker announces that the representation of the Third Estate will be doubled, and that nobles and clergymen will be eligible to sit with the Third Estate.;;;;12.27.1788; | Over the opposition of the nobles, Necker announces that the representation of the Third Estate will be doubled, and that nobles and clergymen will be eligible to sit with the Third Estate.;;;;12.27.1788;; | ||
(January 1789) The Abbé [[Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès]] publishes his famous pamphlet, "What is the Third Estate?" he writes\; "What is the Third Estate? Everything. What has it been until now in the political order? Nothing. What does it demand to be? Something.";;;;01.1789; | (January 1789) The Abbé [[Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès]] publishes his famous pamphlet, "What is the Third Estate?" he writes\; "What is the Third Estate? Everything. What has it been until now in the political order? Nothing. What does it demand to be? Something.";;;;01.1789;; | ||
King Louis XVI convokes elections for delegates to the Estates-General;;;;01.24.1789; | King Louis XVI convokes elections for delegates to the Estates-General;;;;01.24.1789;; | ||
Riots in Paris by workers of the [[Jean-Baptiste Réveillon|Réveillon wallpaper factory]] in the [[Faubourg Saint-Antoine]]. Twenty-five workers were killed in battles with police.;;;;04.27.1789; | Riots in Paris by workers of the [[Jean-Baptiste Réveillon|Réveillon wallpaper factory]] in the [[Faubourg Saint-Antoine]]. Twenty-five workers were killed in battles with police.;;;;04.27.1789;; | ||
Presentation to the King of the Deputies of the Estates-General at Versailles. The clergy and nobles are welcomed with formal ceremonies and processions, the Third Estate is not.;;;;05.02.1789; | Presentation to the King of the Deputies of the Estates-General at Versailles. The clergy and nobles are welcomed with formal ceremonies and processions, the Third Estate is not.;;;;05.02.1789;; | ||
Formal opening of the Estates-General at Versailles.;;;;05.05.1789; | Formal opening of the Estates-General at Versailles.;;;;05.05.1789;; | ||
The Deputies of the Third Estate refuse to meet separately from the other Estates, occupy the main hall, and invite the clergy and nobility to join them.;;;;05.06.1789; | The Deputies of the Third Estate refuse to meet separately from the other Estates, occupy the main hall, and invite the clergy and nobility to join them.;;;;05.06.1789;; | ||
The nobility refuses to meet together with the Third Estate, but the clergy hesitates, and suspends the verification of its deputies.;;;;05.11.1789; | The nobility refuses to meet together with the Third Estate, but the clergy hesitates, and suspends the verification of its deputies.;;;;05.11.1789;; | ||
The clergy renounces its special tax privileges, and accepts the principle of fiscal equality.;;;;05.20.1789; | The clergy renounces its special tax privileges, and accepts the principle of fiscal equality.;;;;05.20.1789;; | ||
The nobility renounces its special tax privileges. However, the three estates are unable to agree on a common program.;;;;05.22.1789; | The nobility renounces its special tax privileges. However, the three estates are unable to agree on a common program.;;;;05.22.1789;; | ||
The Third Estate deputies from Paris, delayed by election procedures, arrive in Versailles.;;;;05.25.1789; | The Third Estate deputies from Paris, delayed by election procedures, arrive in Versailles.;;;;05.25.1789;; | ||
The scientist [[Jean Sylvain Bailly]] is chosen the leader of the Third Estate deputies.;;;;06.03.1789; | The scientist [[Jean Sylvain Bailly]] is chosen the leader of the Third Estate deputies.;;;;06.03.1789;; | ||
Upon the death of seven-year-old [[Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France|Louis Joseph Xavier François, Dauphin of France]], the eldest son and heir of Louis XVI, his four-year-old brother, [[Louis XVII of France|Louis-Charles, Duke of Normandy]], becomes the new Dauphin.;;;;06.04.1789; | Upon the death of seven-year-old [[Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France|Louis Joseph Xavier François, Dauphin of France]], the eldest son and heir of Louis XVI, his four-year-old brother, [[Louis XVII of France|Louis-Charles, Duke of Normandy]], becomes the new Dauphin.;;;;06.04.1789;; | ||
The deputies of the nobility reject a compromise program proposed by finance minister [[Jacques Necker]].;;;;06.06.1789; | The deputies of the nobility reject a compromise program proposed by finance minister [[Jacques Necker]].;;;;06.06.1789;; | ||
At the suggestion of [[Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès|Sieyès]], the Third Estate deputies decide to hold their own meeting, and invite the other Estates to join them.;;;;06.10.1789; | At the suggestion of [[Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès|Sieyès]], the Third Estate deputies decide to hold their own meeting, and invite the other Estates to join them.;;;;06.10.1789;; | ||
(June 13-14) Nine deputies from the clergy decide to join the meeting of the Third Estate.;;;;06.13.1789; | (June 13-14) Nine deputies from the clergy decide to join the meeting of the Third Estate.;;;;06.13.1789;; | ||
On the proposal of Sieyés, the deputies of the Third Estate declare themselves the [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]]. To ensure popular support, they decree that taxes need only be paid while the Assembly is in session.;;;;06.17.1789; | On the proposal of Sieyés, the deputies of the Third Estate declare themselves the [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]]. To ensure popular support, they decree that taxes need only be paid while the Assembly is in session.;;;;06.17.1789;; | ||
By a vote of 149 to 137, the deputies of the clergy join the assembly of the Third Estate.;;;;06.19.1789; | By a vote of 149 to 137, the deputies of the clergy join the assembly of the Third Estate.;;;;06.19.1789;; | ||
On the orders of Louis XVI, the meeting hall of the Third Estate is closed and locked. At the suggestion of Dr. [[Joseph-Ignace Guillotin]], the deputies gather instead in the indoor tennis court, where they swear not to separate until they have given France a new Constitution (the [[Tennis Court Oath]]).;;;;06.20.1789; | On the orders of Louis XVI, the meeting hall of the Third Estate is closed and locked. At the suggestion of Dr. [[Joseph-Ignace Guillotin]], the deputies gather instead in the indoor tennis court, where they swear not to separate until they have given France a new Constitution (the [[Tennis Court Oath]]).;;;;06.20.1789;; | ||
The Royal Council rejects the financial program of Minister Necker.;;;;06.21.1789; | The Royal Council rejects the financial program of Minister Necker.;;;;06.21.1789;; | ||
The new National Assembly meets in the [[Versailles Cathedral|church of Saint Louis]] in Versailles. One hundred fifty deputies from the clergy attend, along with two deputies from the nobility.;;;;06.22.1789; | The new National Assembly meets in the [[Versailles Cathedral|church of Saint Louis]] in Versailles. One hundred fifty deputies from the clergy attend, along with two deputies from the nobility.;;;;06.22.1789;; | ||
Louis XVI personally addresses the Estates-General (a ''Séance royale''), where he invalidates the decisions of the National Assembly and instructs the three estates to continue to meet separately. The king departs followed by the Second- and most of the First-Estate deputies, but the Third-Estate deputies remain in the hall. When the king's master of ceremonies reminds them that Louis has invalidated their decrees, the [[Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau|Comte de Mirabeau]], Third-Estate deputy from Aix, boldly shouts that "we are assembled here by the will of the people" and that they would "leave only at the point of a bayonet".;;;;06.23.1789; | Louis XVI personally addresses the Estates-General (a ''Séance royale''), where he invalidates the decisions of the National Assembly and instructs the three estates to continue to meet separately. The king departs followed by the Second- and most of the First-Estate deputies, but the Third-Estate deputies remain in the hall. When the king's master of ceremonies reminds them that Louis has invalidated their decrees, the [[Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau|Comte de Mirabeau]], Third-Estate deputy from Aix, boldly shouts that "we are assembled here by the will of the people" and that they would "leave only at the point of a bayonet".;;;;06.23.1789;; | ||
48 nobles, headed by [[Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans]], join the Assembly.;;;;06.25.1789; | 48 nobles, headed by [[Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans]], join the Assembly.;;;;06.25.1789;; | ||
Louis XVI reverses course, instructs the nobility and clergy to meet with the other estates, and recognizes the new Assembly. At the same time, he orders reliable military units, largely composed of Swiss and German mercenaries, to Paris.;;;;06.27.1789; | Louis XVI reverses course, instructs the nobility and clergy to meet with the other estates, and recognizes the new Assembly. At the same time, he orders reliable military units, largely composed of Swiss and German mercenaries, to Paris.;;;;06.27.1789;; | ||
A crowd invades the prison of the Abbey of [[Saint-Germain-des-Prés]] and liberates soldiers who had been imprisoned for attending meetings of political clubs.;;;;06.30.1789; | A crowd invades the prison of the Abbey of [[Saint-Germain-des-Prés]] and liberates soldiers who had been imprisoned for attending meetings of political clubs.;;;;06.30.1789;; | ||
The National Assembly forms a committee of thirty members to write a new Constitution.;;;;07.06.1789; | The National Assembly forms a committee of thirty members to write a new Constitution.;;;;07.06.1789;; | ||
As tensions mount, the [[Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau|Comte de Mirabeau]], Third-Estate deputy from Aix, demands that the [[Gardes Françaises]] of the [[Maison militaire du roi de France|military household of the king of France]] be moved out of Paris, and that a new civil guard be created within the city.;;;;07.08.1789; | As tensions mount, the [[Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau|Comte de Mirabeau]], Third-Estate deputy from Aix, demands that the [[Gardes Françaises]] of the [[Maison militaire du roi de France|military household of the king of France]] be moved out of Paris, and that a new civil guard be created within the city.;;;;07.08.1789;; | ||
The National Assembly reconstitutes itself as the [[National Constituent Assembly (France)|National Constituent Assembly]].;;;;07.09.1789; | The National Assembly reconstitutes itself as the [[National Constituent Assembly (France)|National Constituent Assembly]].;;;;07.09.1789;; | ||
Louis XVI abruptly dismisses Necker. Parisians respond by burning the unpopular customs barriers, and invading and looting the monastery of the [[Congregation of the Mission|''Lazaristes'']]. Skirmishes between the cavalrymen of the [[Régiment de Royal-Allemand cavalerie|Régiment de Royal-Allemand]] of the King's Guard and the angry crowd outside the [[Tuileries Palace]]. The ''Gardes Françaises'' largely take the side of the crowd.;;;;07.11.1789; | Louis XVI abruptly dismisses Necker. Parisians respond by burning the unpopular customs barriers, and invading and looting the monastery of the [[Congregation of the Mission|''Lazaristes'']]. Skirmishes between the cavalrymen of the [[Régiment de Royal-Allemand cavalerie|Régiment de Royal-Allemand]] of the King's Guard and the angry crowd outside the [[Tuileries Palace]]. The ''Gardes Françaises'' largely take the side of the crowd.;;;;07.11.1789;; | ||
The National Assembly declares itself in permanent session. At the [[Hôtel de Ville, Paris|''Hôtel de Ville'']], city leaders begin to form a governing committee and an armed militia.;;;;07.13.1789; | The National Assembly declares itself in permanent session. At the [[Hôtel de Ville, Paris|''Hôtel de Ville'']], city leaders begin to form a governing committee and an armed militia.;;;;07.13.1789;; | ||
[[Storming of the Bastille]]. A large armed crowd besieges the Bastille, which holds only seven prisoners but has a large supply of gunpowder, which the crowd wants. After several hours of resistance, the governor of the fortress [[Bernard-René de Launay|de Launay]], finally surrenders\; as he exits, he is killed by the crowd. The crowd also kills [[Jacques de Flesselles|de Flesselles]], the provost of the Paris merchants.;;;;07.14.1789; | [[Storming of the Bastille]]. A large armed crowd besieges the Bastille, which holds only seven prisoners but has a large supply of gunpowder, which the crowd wants. After several hours of resistance, the governor of the fortress [[Bernard-René de Launay|de Launay]], finally surrenders\; as he exits, he is killed by the crowd. The crowd also kills [[Jacques de Flesselles|de Flesselles]], the provost of the Paris merchants.;;;;07.14.1789;; | ||
The astronomer and mathematician [[Jean Sylvain Bailly]] is named mayor of Paris, and [[Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette|Lafayette]] is appointed Commander of the newly formed [[National Guard (France)|National Guard]].;;;;07.15.1789; | The astronomer and mathematician [[Jean Sylvain Bailly]] is named mayor of Paris, and [[Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette|Lafayette]] is appointed Commander of the newly formed [[National Guard (France)|National Guard]].;;;;07.15.1789;; | ||
The King reinstates Necker as finance minister and withdraws royal troops from the center of the city. The new elected Paris assembly votes the destruction of the Bastille fortress. Similar committees and local militias are formed in [[Lyon]], [[Rennes]], and in other large French cities.;;;;07.16.1789; | The King reinstates Necker as finance minister and withdraws royal troops from the center of the city. The new elected Paris assembly votes the destruction of the Bastille fortress. Similar committees and local militias are formed in [[Lyon]], [[Rennes]], and in other large French cities.;;;;07.16.1789;; | ||
The King visits Paris, where he is welcomed at the ''Hôtel de Ville'' by Bailly and Lafayette, and wears the tricolor [[cockade]]. Sensing what is ahead, several prominent members of the nobility, including the [[Charles X of France|Count of Artois]], the [[Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé|Prince de Condé]], the [[Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien|Duke of Enghien]], the [[Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil|Baron de Breteuil]], the [[Victor-François, 2nd duc de Broglie|Duke of Broglie]], the [[Jules, 1st Duke of Polignac|Duke of Polignac]] and [[Yolande de Polastron|his wife]] become the first of a wave of ''[[émigré]]s'' to leave France.;;;;07.17.1789; | The King visits Paris, where he is welcomed at the ''Hôtel de Ville'' by Bailly and Lafayette, and wears the tricolor [[cockade]]. Sensing what is ahead, several prominent members of the nobility, including the [[Charles X of France|Count of Artois]], the [[Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé|Prince de Condé]], the [[Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien|Duke of Enghien]], the [[Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil|Baron de Breteuil]], the [[Victor-François, 2nd duc de Broglie|Duke of Broglie]], the [[Jules, 1st Duke of Polignac|Duke of Polignac]] and [[Yolande de Polastron|his wife]] become the first of a wave of ''[[émigré]]s'' to leave France.;;;;07.17.1789;; | ||
[[Camille Desmoulins]] begins publication of 'La France libre', demanding a much more radical revolution and calling for a republic arguing that revolutionary violence is justified.;;;;07.18.1789; | [[Camille Desmoulins]] begins publication of 'La France libre', demanding a much more radical revolution and calling for a republic arguing that revolutionary violence is justified.;;;;07.18.1789;; | ||
An armed mob on the [[Place de l'Hôtel-de-Ville – Esplanade de la Libération|''Place de Grève'']] massacres [[Louis Bénigne François Berthier de Sauvigny|Berthier de Sauvigny]], Intendant of Paris, and his father-in-law, accused of speculating in grain.;;;;07.22.1789; | An armed mob on the [[Place de l'Hôtel-de-Ville – Esplanade de la Libération|''Place de Grève'']] massacres [[Louis Bénigne François Berthier de Sauvigny|Berthier de Sauvigny]], Intendant of Paris, and his father-in-law, accused of speculating in grain.;;;;07.22.1789;; | ||
Riots and peasant revolts in Strasbourg (July 21), Le Mans (July 23), Colmar, Alsace, and Hainaut (July 25).;;;;07.21.1789;08.01.1789; | Riots and peasant revolts in Strasbourg (July 21), Le Mans (July 23), Colmar, Alsace, and Hainaut (July 25).;;;;07.21.1789;08.01.1789; | ||
[[Jacques Pierre Brissot]] begins publication of ''Le Patriote français'', an influential newspaper of the revolutionary movement known as the [[Girondins]].;;;;07.28.1789; | [[Jacques Pierre Brissot]] begins publication of ''Le Patriote français'', an influential newspaper of the revolutionary movement known as the [[Girondins]].;;;;07.28.1789;; | ||
The King appoints a government of reformist ministers around Necker. The Assembly votes to abolish the privileges and feudal rights of the nobility.;;;;08.04.1789; | The King appoints a government of reformist ministers around Necker. The Assembly votes to abolish the privileges and feudal rights of the nobility.;;;;08.04.1789;; | ||
Publication of "A plot uncovered to lull the people to sleep" by [[Jean-Paul Marat]], denouncing the reforms of August 4 as insufficient and demanding a much more radical revolution. Marat quickly becomes the voice of the most turbulent ''[[sans culottes|sans-culottes]]'' faction of the Revolution.;;;;08.07.1789; | Publication of "A plot uncovered to lull the people to sleep" by [[Jean-Paul Marat]], denouncing the reforms of August 4 as insufficient and demanding a much more radical revolution. Marat quickly becomes the voice of the most turbulent ''[[sans culottes|sans-culottes]]'' faction of the Revolution.;;;;08.07.1789;; | ||
The Assembly proclaims freedom of religious opinions.;;;;08.23.1789; | The Assembly proclaims freedom of religious opinions.;;;;08.23.1789;; | ||
The Assembly proclaims freedom of speech.;;;;08.24.1789; | The Assembly proclaims freedom of speech.;;;;08.24.1789;; | ||
The Assembly adopts the [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]], drafted largely by Lafayette.;;;;08.27.1789; | The Assembly adopts the [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]], drafted largely by Lafayette.;;;;08.27.1789;; | ||
The Assembly debates giving the King the power to veto legislation.;;;;08.28.1789; | The Assembly debates giving the King the power to veto legislation.;;;;08.28.1789;; | ||
Camille Desmoulins organizes an uprising at the [[Palais-Royal]] to block the proposed veto for the King and to force the King to return to Paris. The uprising fails.;;;;08.30.1789; | Camille Desmoulins organizes an uprising at the [[Palais-Royal]] to block the proposed veto for the King and to force the King to return to Paris. The uprising fails.;;;;08.30.1789;; | ||
The Constitution Committee of the Assembly proposes a two-house parliament and a royal right of veto.;;;;08.31.1789; | The Constitution Committee of the Assembly proposes a two-house parliament and a royal right of veto.;;;;08.31.1789;; | ||
The Mayor of [[Troyes]] is assassinated by a mob.;;;;09.09.1789; | The Mayor of [[Troyes]] is assassinated by a mob.;;;;09.09.1789;; | ||
The National Assembly gives the King the power to temporarily veto laws for two legislative sessions.;;;;09.11.1789; | The National Assembly gives the King the power to temporarily veto laws for two legislative sessions.;;;;09.11.1789;; | ||
Desmoulins publishes ''Discours de la lanterne aux Parisiens,'' a radical pamphlet justifying political violence and exalting the Parisian mob.;;;;09.15.1789; | Desmoulins publishes ''Discours de la lanterne aux Parisiens,'' a radical pamphlet justifying political violence and exalting the Parisian mob.;;;;09.15.1789;; | ||
First issue of [[Jean Paul Marat]]'s newspaper, ''[[L'Ami du peuple]]'', proposing a radical social and political revolution.;;;;09.16.1789; | First issue of [[Jean Paul Marat]]'s newspaper, ''[[L'Ami du peuple]]'', proposing a radical social and political revolution.;;;;09.16.1789;; | ||
Election of a new municipal assembly in Paris, with three hundred members elected by districts.;;;;09.19.1789; | Election of a new municipal assembly in Paris, with three hundred members elected by districts.;;;;09.19.1789;; | ||
At the ''banquet des Gardes du Corps du Roi'' in Versailles, which Louis XVI, Marie-Antoinette and the Dauphin attended at dessert time, the King's guards put on the white royal ''cocarde''. The false news quickly reaches Paris that the guards had trampled on the tricolor and causes outrage.;;;;10.01.1789; | At the ''banquet des Gardes du Corps du Roi'' in Versailles, which Louis XVI, Marie-Antoinette and the Dauphin attended at dessert time, the King's guards put on the white royal ''cocarde''. The false news quickly reaches Paris that the guards had trampled on the tricolor and causes outrage.;;;;10.01.1789;; | ||
Marat's newspaper demands a march on Versailles to protest the insult to the ''cocarde tricolor''. Thousands of women take part in the march, joined in the evening by the Paris national guard led by Lafayette.;;;;10.05.1789; | Marat's newspaper demands a march on Versailles to protest the insult to the ''cocarde tricolor''. Thousands of women take part in the march, joined in the evening by the Paris national guard led by Lafayette.;;;;10.05.1789;; | ||
After an orderly march, a crowd of women invade the Palace. The women demand that the King and his family accompany them back to Paris, and the King agrees. The National Assembly also decides to relocate to Paris.;;;;10.06.1789; | After an orderly march, a crowd of women invade the Palace. The women demand that the King and his family accompany them back to Paris, and the King agrees. The National Assembly also decides to relocate to Paris.;;;;10.06.1789;; | ||
The Assembly names Lafayette commander of the regular army in and around Paris. The Assembly also modifies the royal title from "King of France and Navarre" to "King of the French". [[Joseph-Ignace Guillotin]], a doctor, member of the Assembly, proposes a new and more humane form of public execution, which eventually is named after him, the [[guillotine]].;;;;10.10.1789; | The Assembly names Lafayette commander of the regular army in and around Paris. The Assembly also modifies the royal title from "King of France and Navarre" to "King of the French". [[Joseph-Ignace Guillotin]], a doctor, member of the Assembly, proposes a new and more humane form of public execution, which eventually is named after him, the [[guillotine]].;;;;10.10.1789;; | ||
Louis XVI secretly writes to king [[Charles IV of Spain]], complaining of mistreatment. The Count of Artois secretly writes to [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II of Austria]] requesting a military intervention in France.;;;;10.12.1789; | Louis XVI secretly writes to king [[Charles IV of Spain]], complaining of mistreatment. The Count of Artois secretly writes to [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II of Austria]] requesting a military intervention in France.;;;;10.12.1789;; | ||
The National Assembly holds its first meeting in Paris, in the chapel of the archbishop's residence next to [[Notre Dame de Paris|Notre Dame Cathedral]].;;;;10.19.1789; | The National Assembly holds its first meeting in Paris, in the chapel of the archbishop's residence next to [[Notre Dame de Paris|Notre Dame Cathedral]].;;;;10.19.1789;; | ||
The Assembly declares a state of martial law to prevent future uprisings.;;;;10.21.1789; | The Assembly declares a state of martial law to prevent future uprisings.;;;;10.21.1789;; | ||
The Assembly votes to place property of the Church at the disposition of the Nation.;;;;11.02.1789; | The Assembly votes to place property of the Church at the disposition of the Nation.;;;;11.02.1789;; | ||
The Assembly moves to the ''[[Salle du Manège]]'', the former riding school near the Tuileries Palace.;;;;11.09.1789; | The Assembly moves to the ''[[Salle du Manège]]'', the former riding school near the Tuileries Palace.;;;;11.09.1789;; | ||
First issue of Desmoulins' weekly ''Histoire des Révolutions de France et de Brabant'', savagely attacking royalists and aristocrats.;;;;11.28.1789; | First issue of Desmoulins' weekly ''Histoire des Révolutions de France et de Brabant'', savagely attacking royalists and aristocrats.;;;;11.28.1789;; | ||
(November) the Breton Club is reconstituted in Paris at the Saint-Honore monastery of Doninicans, who were more popularly known as Jacobins, under the name Society of Friends of the Constitution;;;;11.15.1789; | (November) the Breton Club is reconstituted in Paris at the Saint-Honore monastery of Doninicans, who were more popularly known as Jacobins, under the name Society of Friends of the Constitution;;;;11.15.1789;; | ||
Revolt by the sailors of the [[History of the French Navy|French Navy]] in [[Toulon]], who arrest [[François Hector d'Albert de Rions|Admiral d'Albert]].;;;;12.01.1789; | Revolt by the sailors of the [[History of the French Navy|French Navy]] in [[Toulon]], who arrest [[François Hector d'Albert de Rions|Admiral d'Albert]].;;;;12.01.1789;; | ||
The Assembly decides to divide France into departments, in place of the former [[provinces of France]].;;;;12.09.1789; | The Assembly decides to divide France into departments, in place of the former [[provinces of France]].;;;;12.09.1789;; | ||
Introduction of the ''[[assignat]]'', a form of currency based not on silver, but on the value of the property of the Church confiscated by the State.;;;;12.19.1789; | Introduction of the ''[[assignat]]'', a form of currency based not on silver, but on the value of the property of the Church confiscated by the State.;;;;12.19.1789;; | ||
The Assembly decrees that Protestants are eligible to hold public office\; Jews are still excluded.;;;;12.24.1789; | The Assembly decrees that Protestants are eligible to hold public office\; Jews are still excluded.;;;;12.24.1789;; | ||
Riot in Versailles demanding lower bread prices.;;;;01.07.1790; | Riot in Versailles demanding lower bread prices.;;;;01.07.1790;; | ||
Marat publishes a fierce attack on finance minister Necker.;;;;01.18.1790; | Marat publishes a fierce attack on finance minister Necker.;;;;01.18.1790;; | ||
Paris municipal police try to arrest Marat for his violent attacks on the government, but he is defended by a crowd of ''sans-culottes'' and escapes to London.;;;;01.22.1790; | Paris municipal police try to arrest Marat for his violent attacks on the government, but he is defended by a crowd of ''sans-culottes'' and escapes to London.;;;;01.22.1790;; | ||
The Assembly forbids the taking of religious vows and suppresses the contemplative religious orders.;;;;02.13.1790; | The Assembly forbids the taking of religious vows and suppresses the contemplative religious orders.;;;;02.13.1790;; | ||
The Assembly requires ''curés'' (parish priests) in churches across France to read aloud the decrees of the Assembly.;;;;02.23.1790; | The Assembly requires ''curés'' (parish priests) in churches across France to read aloud the decrees of the Assembly.;;;;02.23.1790;; | ||
The Assembly abolishes the requirement that army officers be members of the nobility.;;;;02.28.1790; | The Assembly abolishes the requirement that army officers be members of the nobility.;;;;02.28.1790;; | ||
The Assembly decides to continue the institution of [[Slavery in the British and French Caribbean|slavery in French colonies]], but permits the establishment of colonial assemblies.;;;;03.08.1790; | The Assembly decides to continue the institution of [[Slavery in the British and French Caribbean|slavery in French colonies]], but permits the establishment of colonial assemblies.;;;;03.08.1790;; | ||
The Assembly approves the sale of the property of the church by municipalities;;;;03.12.1790; | The Assembly approves the sale of the property of the church by municipalities;;;;03.12.1790;; | ||
[[Pope Pius VI]] condemns the [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]] in a secret consistory.;;;;03.29.1790; | [[Pope Pius VI]] condemns the [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]] in a secret consistory.;;;;03.29.1790;; | ||
A series of pro-catholic and anti-revolutionary riots in the French provinces\; in Vannes (April 5), Nîmes (April 6), Toulouse (April 18), Toulon (May 3), and Avignon (June 10) protesting measures taken against the church.;;;;04.05.1790;06.10.1790; | A series of pro-catholic and anti-revolutionary riots in the French provinces\; in Vannes (April 5), Nîmes (April 6), Toulouse (April 18), Toulon (May 3), and Avignon (June 10) protesting measures taken against the church.;;;;04.05.1790;06.10.1790; | ||
Foundation of the [[Cordeliers]] club, which meets in the former convent of that name. It becomes one of most vocal proponents of radical change.;;;;04.17.1790;; | |||
Riots in [[Marseille]]. Three forts are captured, and the commander of [[Fort Saint-Jean (Marseille)|Fort Saint-Jean]], the Chevalier de Beausset, is assassinated.;;;;04.30.1790;; | |||
Lafayette and [[Jean Sylvain Bailly]] institute the [[Society of 1789]].;;;;05.12.1790;; | |||
Law passed that allows for the redemption of manorial dues.;;;;05.15.1790;; | |||
Marat returns to Paris and resumes publication of ''L'Ami du people''.;;;;05.18.1790;; | |||
The Assembly decides that it alone can decide issues of war and peace, but that the war cannot be declared without the proposition and sanction by the King.;;;;05.22.1790;; | |||
[[Lyon]] celebrates the Revolution with a ''Fête de la Fédération''. [[Lille]] holds a similar event on June 6. [[Strasbourg]] on June 13, [[Rouen]] on June 19.;;;;05.30.1790;; | |||
Uprising of biracial residents of the French colony of [[Martinique]].;;;;06.03.1790;; | |||
The Assembly abolishes the titles, orders, and other privileges of the hereditary nobility.;;;;06.19.1790;; | |||
Avignon, then under the rule of the [[Pope]], asks to be joined to France. The Assembly, wishing to avoid a confrontation with [[Pope Pius VI]], delays a decision.;;;;06.26.1790;; | |||
Diplomats of England, Austria, Prussia and the United Provinces meet at [[Dzierżoniów|Reichenbach]] to discuss possible military intervention against the French Revolution.;;;;06.26.1790;; | |||
The Assembly adopts the final text on the status of the French clergy. Clergymen lose their special status, and are required to take an [[Civil Constitution of the Clergy| | |||
Elections for one-third of the seats in the French legislature.;;;;04.09.1798;04.18.1798; | Elections for one-third of the seats in the French legislature.;;;;04.09.1798;04.18.1798; | ||
The ''Traité de Réunion'' formally unites the Republic of Geneva ([[:fr:République de Genève|fr]]) with the French Republic.;;;;04.26.1798; | The ''Traité de Réunion'' formally unites the Republic of Geneva ([[:fr:République de Genève|fr]]) with the French Republic.;;;;04.26.1798;; | ||
A report to the Council of Five Hundred declares that the French elections were irregular, and recommends exclusion of candidates of the far left.;;;;05.07.1798; | A report to the Council of Five Hundred declares that the French elections were irregular, and recommends exclusion of candidates of the far left.;;;;05.07.1798;; | ||
By the [[Law of 22 Floréal Year VI]], the Council of Ancients and the Council of Five Hundred invalidate the election of 106 Jacobin deputies.;;;;05.11.1798; | By the [[Law of 22 Floréal Year VI]], the Council of Ancients and the Council of Five Hundred invalidate the election of 106 Jacobin deputies.;;;;05.11.1798;; | ||
[[Jean Baptiste Treilhard]] is elected to the Directory in place of [[François de Neufchâteau]].;;;;05.15.1798; | [[Jean Baptiste Treilhard]] is elected to the Directory in place of [[François de Neufchâteau]].;;;;05.15.1798;; | ||
Bonaparte and his [[Order of battle of the Armée d'Orient (1798)|''Armée d'Orient'']] set sail from Toulon for Egypt.;;;;05.19.1798; | Bonaparte and his [[Order of battle of the Armée d'Orient (1798)|''Armée d'Orient'']] set sail from Toulon for Egypt.;;;;05.19.1798;; | ||
Anti-British uprising begins in Ireland\; the Irish rebels believe that Bonaparte is sailing to Ireland.;;;;05.23.1798; | Anti-British uprising begins in Ireland\; the Irish rebels believe that Bonaparte is sailing to Ireland.;;;;05.23.1798;; | ||
(June 9-11) Bonaparte invades and captures [[Malta]].;;;;06.09.1798; | (June 9-11) Bonaparte invades and captures [[Malta]].;;;;06.09.1798;; | ||
(July 1-2) Bonaparte lands in Egypt and captures [[Alexandria]].;;;;07.01.1798; | (July 1-2) Bonaparte lands in Egypt and captures [[Alexandria]].;;;;07.01.1798;; | ||
Irish uprising suppressed by the British army.;;;;07.14.1798; | Irish uprising suppressed by the British army.;;;;07.14.1798;; | ||
Bonaparte defeats the [[Mameluk]]s at the [[Battle of the Pyramids]].;;;;07.21.1798; | Bonaparte defeats the [[Mameluk]]s at the [[Battle of the Pyramids]].;;;;07.21.1798;; | ||
Bonaparte and his army enter Cairo.;;;;07.24.1798; | Bonaparte and his army enter Cairo.;;;;07.24.1798;; | ||
[[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Admiral Nelson]] and the British fleet destroy the French fleet at the [[Battle of the Nile]], stranding Bonaparte in Egypt.;;;;08.01.1798; | [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Admiral Nelson]] and the British fleet destroy the French fleet at the [[Battle of the Nile]], stranding Bonaparte in Egypt.;;;;08.01.1798;; | ||
A French fleet and expeditionary force sails for Ireland to aid the Irish rebels, though the rebellion is already defeated.;;;;08.06.1798; | A French fleet and expeditionary force sails for Ireland to aid the Irish rebels, though the rebellion is already defeated.;;;;08.06.1798;; | ||
French troops under [[Jean Joseph Amable Humbert|General Humbert]] land at [[Killala]], in northwest Ireland.;;;;08.22.1798; | French troops under [[Jean Joseph Amable Humbert|General Humbert]] land at [[Killala]], in northwest Ireland.;;;;08.22.1798;; | ||
General Humbert defeats a British force at the [[Battle of Castlebar]], and declares an Irish republic.;;;;08.27.1798; | General Humbert defeats a British force at the [[Battle of Castlebar]], and declares an Irish republic.;;;;08.27.1798;; | ||
Suppression of a royalist revolt in the south of the [[Massif Central]] in France and the arrest of its leaders.;;;;09.02.1798; | Suppression of a royalist revolt in the south of the [[Massif Central]] in France and the arrest of its leaders.;;;;09.02.1798;; | ||
The French legislature requires all French men between twenty and twenty-five to perform military service.;;;;09.05.1798; | The French legislature requires all French men between twenty and twenty-five to perform military service.;;;;09.05.1798;; | ||
The forces of General Humbert are surrounded by the British army at the [[Battle of Ballinamuck]] and forced to surrender.;;;;09.09.1798; | The forces of General Humbert are surrounded by the British army at the [[Battle of Ballinamuck]] and forced to surrender.;;;;09.09.1798;; | ||
A new French expeditionary force sails from Brest to Ireland.;;;;09.16.1798; | A new French expeditionary force sails from Brest to Ireland.;;;;09.16.1798;; | ||
The French government [[Conscription|calls 200,000 men for military service]].;;;;09.24.1798; | The French government [[Conscription|calls 200,000 men for military service]].;;;;09.24.1798;; | ||
François de Neufchâteau, Minister of the Interior, creates the first Higher Council on Public Education.;;;;10.08.1798; | François de Neufchâteau, Minister of the Interior, creates the first Higher Council on Public Education.;;;;10.08.1798;; | ||
French fleet and expeditionary force defeated off coast of Ireland\; six of eight warships captured.;;;;10.11.1798; | French fleet and expeditionary force defeated off coast of Ireland\; six of eight warships captured.;;;;10.11.1798;; | ||
Belgian peasants rebel against obligatory service in French army.;;;;10.12.1798; | Belgian peasants rebel against obligatory service in French army.;;;;10.12.1798;; | ||
Population of [[Cairo]] rebels against French occupation. Rebellion suppressed by Bonaparte on October 22.;;;;10.21.1798; | Population of [[Cairo]] rebels against French occupation. Rebellion suppressed by Bonaparte on October 22.;;;;10.21.1798;; | ||
Directory orders deportation of Belgian priests, blamed for peasant uprising.;;;;11.04.1798; | Directory orders deportation of Belgian priests, blamed for peasant uprising.;;;;11.04.1798;; | ||
A Russian-Turkish fleet blockades [[Corfu]] occupied by the French army.;;;;11.05.1798; | A Russian-Turkish fleet blockades [[Corfu]] occupied by the French army.;;;;11.05.1798;; | ||
Austria and England agree to cooperate to force France back to its 1789 boundaries.;;;;11.16.1798; | Austria and England agree to cooperate to force France back to its 1789 boundaries.;;;;11.16.1798;; | ||
(November 23-24) Directory, desperate for money, imposes new real estate tax and additional taxes based on number of doors and windows.;;;;11.23.1798; | (November 23-24) Directory, desperate for money, imposes new real estate tax and additional taxes based on number of doors and windows.;;;;11.23.1798;; | ||
The army of the [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|King of Naples]] captures Rome.;;;;11.27.1798; | The army of the [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|King of Naples]] captures Rome.;;;;11.27.1798;; | ||
French troops defeat Belgian rebels at [[Hasselt]] and massacre insurgents. End of peasant uprising in Belgium.;;;;12.04.1798; | French troops defeat Belgian rebels at [[Hasselt]] and massacre insurgents. End of peasant uprising in Belgium.;;;;12.04.1798;; | ||
French army under [[Jean Étienne Championnet]] defeats the army of the King of Naples at Battle of Civita Castellana.;;;;12.06.1798; | French army under [[Jean Étienne Championnet]] defeats the army of the King of Naples at Battle of Civita Castellana.;;;;12.06.1798;; | ||
French army under Championnet recaptures Rome.;;;;12.14.1798; | French army under Championnet recaptures Rome.;;;;12.14.1798;; | ||
French army attacks Naples and forces King of Naples to take sanctuary on the flagship of Admiral Nelson.;;;;12.21.1798; | French army attacks Naples and forces King of Naples to take sanctuary on the flagship of Admiral Nelson.;;;;12.21.1798;; | ||
[[War of the Second Coalition|Alliance]] (Second Coalition) between Russia, Britain and the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily against France signed.;;;;12.29.1798; | [[War of the Second Coalition|Alliance]] (Second Coalition) between Russia, Britain and the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily against France signed.;;;;12.29.1798;; | ||
The army of [[Jean Étienne Championnet|General Championnet]] captures [[Capua]].;;;;01.10.1799; | The army of [[Jean Étienne Championnet|General Championnet]] captures [[Capua]].;;;;01.10.1799;; | ||
French army occupies [[Naples]];;;;01.23.1799; | French army occupies [[Naples]];;;;01.23.1799;; | ||
Proclamation of a new republic in Naples, named ''Parthénopéenne'' by the Directory;;;;01.26.1799; | Proclamation of a new republic in Naples, named ''Parthénopéenne'' by the Directory;;;;01.26.1799;; | ||
Victory of General [[Louis Desaix]] over the [[Mameluks]] at [[Aswan]] completes the French conquest of upper Egypt.;;;;02.01.1799; | Victory of General [[Louis Desaix]] over the [[Mameluks]] at [[Aswan]] completes the French conquest of upper Egypt.;;;;02.01.1799;; | ||
Conflict between Generals Championnet and [[Guillaume-Charles Faipoult|Faipoult]] over the command of French troops in Naples.;;;;02.03.1799; | Conflict between Generals Championnet and [[Guillaume-Charles Faipoult|Faipoult]] over the command of French troops in Naples.;;;;02.03.1799;; | ||
Championnet orders the expulsion of Faipoult from Naples.;;;;02.06.1799; | Championnet orders the expulsion of Faipoult from Naples.;;;;02.06.1799;; | ||
Bonaparte marches his army from Cairo toward [[Syria]].;;;;02.20.1799; | Bonaparte marches his army from Cairo toward [[Syria]].;;;;02.20.1799;; | ||
Bonaparte defeats a Turkish army and occupies [[Arish]] in the [[Sinai Peninsula]].;;;;02.20.1799; | Bonaparte defeats a Turkish army and occupies [[Arish]] in the [[Sinai Peninsula]].;;;;02.20.1799;; | ||
The Directory orders the arrest of General Championnet.;;;;02.24.1799; | The Directory orders the arrest of General Championnet.;;;;02.24.1799;; | ||
General [[Jean-Baptiste Jourdan]] assembles the [[Army of the Danube]] and prepares to cross the Rhine and invade German states and Austria.;;;;02.24.1799; | General [[Jean-Baptiste Jourdan]] assembles the [[Army of the Danube]] and prepares to cross the Rhine and invade German states and Austria.;;;;02.24.1799;; | ||
(March 1-2) French armies under Jourdan and [[Charles XIV John of Sweden|Bernadotte]] cross the Rhine.;;;;03.01.1799; | (March 1-2) French armies under Jourdan and [[Charles XIV John of Sweden|Bernadotte]] cross the Rhine.;;;;03.01.1799;; | ||
French troops in [[Corfu]] surrender, after a long siege by a Russian-Turkish fleet.;;;;03.03.1799; | French troops in [[Corfu]] surrender, after a long siege by a Russian-Turkish fleet.;;;;03.03.1799;; | ||
Bonaparte captures [[Jaffa]] in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]. Some of his soldiers are infected with the [[Plague (disease)|plague]].;;;;03.07.1799; | Bonaparte captures [[Jaffa]] in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]. Some of his soldiers are infected with the [[Plague (disease)|plague]].;;;;03.07.1799;; | ||
Bonaparte visits the hospital for plague victims in Jaffa.;;;;03.11.1799; | Bonaparte visits the hospital for plague victims in Jaffa.;;;;03.11.1799;; | ||
The Directory declares war on Austria and on the [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]].;;;;03.12.1799; | The Directory declares war on Austria and on the [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]].;;;;03.12.1799;; | ||
Bonaparte lays siege to [[Acre, Israel|Saint-Jean-d'Acre]] in Palestine.;;;;03.19.1799; | Bonaparte lays siege to [[Acre, Israel|Saint-Jean-d'Acre]] in Palestine.;;;;03.19.1799;; | ||
French troops enter the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.;;;;03.21.1799; | French troops enter the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.;;;;03.21.1799;; | ||
Army of General [[Massena]] defeated by Austrians at [[Battle of Feldkirch]].;;;;03.23.1799; | Army of General [[Massena]] defeated by Austrians at [[Battle of Feldkirch]].;;;;03.23.1799;; | ||
Defeat of Jourdan by Austrians at [[Battle of Stockach (1799)|Battle of Stockach]].;;;;03.25.1799; | Defeat of Jourdan by Austrians at [[Battle of Stockach (1799)|Battle of Stockach]].;;;;03.25.1799;; | ||
Bonaparte tries unsuccessfully to capture Saint-Jean-d'Acre.;;;;03.28.1799; | Bonaparte tries unsuccessfully to capture Saint-Jean-d'Acre.;;;;03.28.1799;; | ||
Bonaparte fails again to take Saint-Jean-d'Acre.;;;;04.01.1799; | Bonaparte fails again to take Saint-Jean-d'Acre.;;;;04.01.1799;; | ||
Jourdan resigns as commander of the Army of the Danube. His army pulls back to the west bank of the [[Rhine]] on April 6.;;;;04.03.1799; | Jourdan resigns as commander of the Army of the Danube. His army pulls back to the west bank of the [[Rhine]] on April 6.;;;;04.03.1799;; | ||
Beginning of legislative elections in France to replace one-third of members.;;;;04.09.1799; | Beginning of legislative elections in France to replace one-third of members.;;;;04.09.1799;; | ||
Pope [[Pius VI]], a prisoner of the French, is transferred to France.;;;;04.10.1799; | Pope [[Pius VI]], a prisoner of the French, is transferred to France.;;;;04.10.1799;; | ||
The Austrian army of [[Michael von Melas|Melas]] and the Russian army of [[Alexander Suvorov]] join in Italy.;;;;04.14.1799; | The Austrian army of [[Michael von Melas|Melas]] and the Russian army of [[Alexander Suvorov]] join in Italy.;;;;04.14.1799;; | ||
Bonaparte defeats the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] army led by [[Abdullah Pasha al-Azm]] at the [[Battle of Mount Tabor (1799)|Battle of Mount Tabor]].;;;;04.16.1799; | Bonaparte defeats the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] army led by [[Abdullah Pasha al-Azm]] at the [[Battle of Mount Tabor (1799)|Battle of Mount Tabor]].;;;;04.16.1799;; | ||
French elections result in a major loss for supporters of the government, and a victory for the extreme left.;;;;04.18.1799; | French elections result in a major loss for supporters of the government, and a victory for the extreme left.;;;;04.18.1799;; | ||
Bonaparte fails a third time to capture Saint-Jean-d'Acre.;;;;04.24.1799; | Bonaparte fails a third time to capture Saint-Jean-d'Acre.;;;;04.24.1799;; | ||
Alexander Suvorov's Russo-Austrian army defeats French forces under [[Jean Victor Marie Moreau|General Moreau]] at the [[Battle of Cassano (1799)|Battle of Cassano]].;;;;04.27.1799; | Alexander Suvorov's Russo-Austrian army defeats French forces under [[Jean Victor Marie Moreau|General Moreau]] at the [[Battle of Cassano (1799)|Battle of Cassano]].;;;;04.27.1799;; | ||
Suvorov enters [[Milan]].;;;;04.29.1799; | Suvorov enters [[Milan]].;;;;04.29.1799;; | ||
Bonaparte fails for a fourth time to capture Saint-Jean-d'Acre.;;;;05.01.1799; | Bonaparte fails for a fourth time to capture Saint-Jean-d'Acre.;;;;05.01.1799;; | ||
Fifth and last attempt by Bonaparte to capture Saint-Jean-d'Acre. He lifts the siege on May 17.;;;;05.10.1799; | Fifth and last attempt by Bonaparte to capture Saint-Jean-d'Acre. He lifts the siege on May 17.;;;;05.10.1799;; | ||
As the result of the system of drawing lots, Rewbell leaves the Directory and is replaced by Sieyès, who is seen as a moderate leftist.;;;;05.16.1799; | As the result of the system of drawing lots, Rewbell leaves the Directory and is replaced by Sieyès, who is seen as a moderate leftist.;;;;05.16.1799;; | ||
An English fleet lands soldiers at [[Ostend]] in Belgium. The expedition fails, and withdraws the following day.;;;;05.19.1799; | An English fleet lands soldiers at [[Ostend]] in Belgium. The expedition fails, and withdraws the following day.;;;;05.19.1799;; | ||
Russo-Austrian army enters [[Turin]].;;;;05.26.1799; | Russo-Austrian army enters [[Turin]].;;;;05.26.1799;; | ||
(June 4-6) [[Masséna]] is forced to withdraw his forces from [[First Battle of Zurich|Zürich]].;;;;06.04.1799; | (June 4-6) [[Masséna]] is forced to withdraw his forces from [[First Battle of Zurich|Zürich]].;;;;06.04.1799;; | ||
Bonaparte returns to Cairo.;;;;06.14.1799; | Bonaparte returns to Cairo.;;;;06.14.1799;; | ||
A serious struggle begins between the newly elected left-wing members of the Council of Five Hundred and the Directory, due to the string of French military defeats. The legislature demands new measures for "public safety".;;;;06.16.1799; | A serious struggle begins between the newly elected left-wing members of the Council of Five Hundred and the Directory, due to the string of French military defeats. The legislature demands new measures for "public safety".;;;;06.16.1799;; | ||
The Council of Five Hundred and Council of the Ancients annul the election of [[Jean Baptiste Treilhard]] to the Directory and replace him with a leftist member, [[Louis-Jérôme Gohier]].;;;;06.17.1799; | The Council of Five Hundred and Council of the Ancients annul the election of [[Jean Baptiste Treilhard]] to the Directory and replace him with a leftist member, [[Louis-Jérôme Gohier]].;;;;06.17.1799;; | ||
(June 18-19) Two royalist members of the Directory, Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai and La Révellière-Lépeaux, are forced to resign, under threat of being brought to trial by the Councils. They are replaced by two moderate leftists, [[Roger Ducos]], and [[Jean-François-Auguste Moulin]]. ([[Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII]] );;;;06.18.1799; | (June 18-19) Two royalist members of the Directory, Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai and La Révellière-Lépeaux, are forced to resign, under threat of being brought to trial by the Councils. They are replaced by two moderate leftists, [[Roger Ducos]], and [[Jean-François-Auguste Moulin]]. ([[Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII]] );;;;06.18.1799;; | ||
A French army under [[Jacques MacDonald|Étienne Macdonald]] is defeated by the Russians under Suvorov at the [[Battle of Trebia (1799)|Battle of the Trebia]].;;;;06.19.1799; | A French army under [[Jacques MacDonald|Étienne Macdonald]] is defeated by the Russians under Suvorov at the [[Battle of Trebia (1799)|Battle of the Trebia]].;;;;06.19.1799;; | ||
Another reversal in Italy: the French garrison of Naples surrenders.;;;;06.19.1799; | Another reversal in Italy: the French garrison of Naples surrenders.;;;;06.19.1799;; | ||
The Council votes to demand a forced loan of one hundred million francs from wealthy citizens to equip new armies.;;;;06.28.1799; | The Council votes to demand a forced loan of one hundred million francs from wealthy citizens to equip new armies.;;;;06.28.1799;; | ||
Two commanders with neo-Jacobin sympathies are promoted by the Directory 1799 1799: [[Barthélemy Catherine Joubert|Joubert]] is named new commander of the [[Army of Italy (France)|Army of Italy]], and Championnet is chosen to command the [[Army of the Alps]].;;;;07.05.1799; | Two commanders with neo-Jacobin sympathies are promoted by the Directory 1799 1799: [[Barthélemy Catherine Joubert|Joubert]] is named new commander of the [[Army of Italy (France)|Army of Italy]], and Championnet is chosen to command the [[Army of the Alps]].;;;;07.05.1799;; | ||
A neo-Jacobin club, the ''Société des amis de la Liberté et de l'Égalité'' ("Society of the Friends of Liberty and Equality"), is founded in Paris.;;;;07.07.1799; | A neo-Jacobin club, the ''Société des amis de la Liberté et de l'Égalité'' ("Society of the Friends of Liberty and Equality"), is founded in Paris.;;;;07.07.1799;; | ||
The Council of Five Hundred votes a new law on hostages, demands lists of royalists be made in each department, and brings accusations against former members of the Directory with royalist tendencies.;;;;07.12.1799; | The Council of Five Hundred votes a new law on hostages, demands lists of royalists be made in each department, and brings accusations against former members of the Directory with royalist tendencies.;;;;07.12.1799;; | ||
At a celebration of the anniversary of the Revolution, General Jourdan calls "bringing back the pikes", the weapons of the Jacobin street mobs during the Terror. On the same day, Siéyès gives a speech denouncing the new Jacobins.;;;;07.14.1799; | At a celebration of the anniversary of the Revolution, General Jourdan calls "bringing back the pikes", the weapons of the Jacobin street mobs during the Terror. On the same day, Siéyès gives a speech denouncing the new Jacobins.;;;;07.14.1799;; | ||
An [[Military of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman army]] under the command of [[Mustafa Pasha (Egypt)|Seid Mustafa Pasha]], transported to Egypt by Sidney Smith's British fleet, lands at [[Abukir]].;;;;07.17.1799; | An [[Military of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman army]] under the command of [[Mustafa Pasha (Egypt)|Seid Mustafa Pasha]], transported to Egypt by Sidney Smith's British fleet, lands at [[Abukir]].;;;;07.17.1799;; | ||
Bonaparte defeats Seid Mustafa Pasha's Ottoman army at the [[Battle of Abukir (1799)|Battle of Abukir]].;;;;07.25.1799; | Bonaparte defeats Seid Mustafa Pasha's Ottoman army at the [[Battle of Abukir (1799)|Battle of Abukir]].;;;;07.25.1799;; | ||
Royalist uprisings in Toulouse and Bordeaux. Both are quickly suppressed by the army.;;;;08.06.1799; | Royalist uprisings in Toulouse and Bordeaux. Both are quickly suppressed by the army.;;;;08.06.1799;; | ||
Sieyès orders the closing of the new Jacobin Club in Paris.;;;;08.13.1799; | Sieyès orders the closing of the new Jacobin Club in Paris.;;;;08.13.1799;; | ||
Defeat of the French Army of Italy under General Joubert at the [[Battle of Novi (1799)|Battle of Novi]]. Joubert is killed.;;;;08.15.1799; | Defeat of the French Army of Italy under General Joubert at the [[Battle of Novi (1799)|Battle of Novi]]. Joubert is killed.;;;;08.15.1799;; | ||
The Council of Five Hundred decides, by a vote of 217–214, not to arrest and try the former members of the Directory accused of royalist sympathies.;;;;08.18.1799; | The Council of Five Hundred decides, by a vote of 217–214, not to arrest and try the former members of the Directory accused of royalist sympathies.;;;;08.18.1799;; | ||
Bonaparte has had no news from France in six months. The British admiral [[Sidney Smith (Royal Navy officer)|Sir Sidney Smith]] sends him a packet of French newspapers, which he reads in one night. He hands over command of the army to [[Jean-Baptiste Kléber|General Kléber]] and leaves Egypt with a small party aboard the frigate ''La Muiron''.;;;;08.23.1799; | Bonaparte has had no news from France in six months. The British admiral [[Sidney Smith (Royal Navy officer)|Sir Sidney Smith]] sends him a packet of French newspapers, which he reads in one night. He hands over command of the army to [[Jean-Baptiste Kléber|General Kléber]] and leaves Egypt with a small party aboard the frigate ''La Muiron''.;;;;08.23.1799;; | ||
Pope Pius VI dies, a French prisoner, in [[Valence, Drôme|Valence]].;;;;08.29.1799; | Pope Pius VI dies, a French prisoner, in [[Valence, Drôme|Valence]].;;;;08.29.1799;; | ||
Championnet, prominent among the Jacobin generals, is named new commander of the Army of Italy.;;;;08.29.1799; | Championnet, prominent among the Jacobin generals, is named new commander of the Army of Italy.;;;;08.29.1799;; | ||
General Jourdan, leader of the Jacobins in the army, asks the Council of Five Hundred to declare a state of national emergency.;;;;09.13.1799; | General Jourdan, leader of the Jacobins in the army, asks the Council of Five Hundred to declare a state of national emergency.;;;;09.13.1799;; | ||
Council of Five Hundred refuses to declare a state of national emergency.;;;;09.14.1799; | Council of Five Hundred refuses to declare a state of national emergency.;;;;09.14.1799;; | ||
The Director Sieyès obtains the resignation of [[Charles XIV John of Sweden|Jean Bernadotte]] as Minister of War, on the grounds that Bernadotte was planning a Jacobin coup d'état.;;;;09.14.1799; | The Director Sieyès obtains the resignation of [[Charles XIV John of Sweden|Jean Bernadotte]] as Minister of War, on the grounds that Bernadotte was planning a Jacobin coup d'état.;;;;09.14.1799;; | ||
The royalist leaders in the west of France, including the Breton Chouan leader [[Georges Cadoudal]], meet to organize a new uprising against Paris.;;;;09.15.1799; | The royalist leaders in the west of France, including the Breton Chouan leader [[Georges Cadoudal]], meet to organize a new uprising against Paris.;;;;09.15.1799;; | ||
The royalist military commander Louis de Frotté lands in Normandy to take charge of the new uprising.;;;;09.24.1799; | The royalist military commander Louis de Frotté lands in Normandy to take charge of the new uprising.;;;;09.24.1799;; | ||
(September 25-26) General Masséna defeats the Russian-Austrian army of [[Alexander Korsakov|Alexander Rimsky-Korsakov]] at the [[Second Battle of Zurich]].;;;;09.25.1799; | (September 25-26) General Masséna defeats the Russian-Austrian army of [[Alexander Korsakov|Alexander Rimsky-Korsakov]] at the [[Second Battle of Zurich]].;;;;09.25.1799;; | ||
The Russian army under Suvorov is forced to retreat across the Alps.;;;;09.29.1799; | The Russian army under Suvorov is forced to retreat across the Alps.;;;;09.29.1799;; | ||
A French-Dutch army under General [[Guillaume Brune|Brune]] defeats a Russian-British force at the [[Battle of Castricum]]. The British and Russians withdraw their troops from the Netherlands.;;;;10.06.1799; | A French-Dutch army under General [[Guillaume Brune|Brune]] defeats a Russian-British force at the [[Battle of Castricum]]. The British and Russians withdraw their troops from the Netherlands.;;;;10.06.1799;; | ||
Bonaparte lands at [[Saint-Raphaël, Var|Saint-Raphaël]].;;;;10.09.1799; | Bonaparte lands at [[Saint-Raphaël, Var|Saint-Raphaël]].;;;;10.09.1799;; | ||
Sieyès invites General [[Jean Victor Marie Moreau|Moreau]] to organize a coup d'état against the Jacobins in the Councils, but Moreau refuses.;;;;10.14.1799; | Sieyès invites General [[Jean Victor Marie Moreau|Moreau]] to organize a coup d'état against the Jacobins in the Councils, but Moreau refuses.;;;;10.14.1799;; | ||
Bonaparte arrives in Paris to public celebrations.;;;;10.16.1799; | Bonaparte arrives in Paris to public celebrations.;;;;10.16.1799;; | ||
Bonaparte is received by the Directory.;;;;10.17.1799; | Bonaparte is received by the Directory.;;;;10.17.1799;; | ||
The royalist forces in the west, the Chouans, capture [[Nantes]], but are forced to withdraw the next day.;;;;10.19.1799; | The royalist forces in the west, the Chouans, capture [[Nantes]], but are forced to withdraw the next day.;;;;10.19.1799;; | ||
The Russian Czar [[Paul I of Russia|Paul I]] orders the withdrawal of Russian troops from the war against the French.;;;;10.23.1799; | The Russian Czar [[Paul I of Russia|Paul I]] orders the withdrawal of Russian troops from the war against the French.;;;;10.23.1799;; | ||
[[Lucien Bonaparte]], younger brother of General Napoléon Bonaparte, is elected President of the Council of Five Hundred.;;;;10.23.1799; | [[Lucien Bonaparte]], younger brother of General Napoléon Bonaparte, is elected President of the Council of Five Hundred.;;;;10.23.1799;; | ||
(October 23-29) Royalist forces in Brittany and the Vendée briefly capture several cities, but are quickly driven out by the French army.;;;;10.23.1799; | (October 23-29) Royalist forces in Brittany and the Vendée briefly capture several cities, but are quickly driven out by the French army.;;;;10.23.1799;; | ||
Bonaparte meets with Sieyès\; the two men dislike each other, but agree to a parliamentary coup d'état to replace the Directory.;;;;11.01.1799; | Bonaparte meets with Sieyès\; the two men dislike each other, but agree to a parliamentary coup d'état to replace the Directory.;;;;11.01.1799;; | ||
Bonaparte meets with [[Joseph Fouché|Fouché]], the Minister of Police, who agrees not to interfere with a coup d'état.;;;;11.03.1799; | Bonaparte meets with [[Joseph Fouché|Fouché]], the Minister of Police, who agrees not to interfere with a coup d'état.;;;;11.03.1799;; | ||
The Councils of the Ancients and the Five Hundred offer a banquet to Bonaparte at the former [[Church of Saint-Sulpice, Paris|church of Saint Sulpice]].;;;;11.06.1799; | The Councils of the Ancients and the Five Hundred offer a banquet to Bonaparte at the former [[Church of Saint-Sulpice, Paris|church of Saint Sulpice]].;;;;11.06.1799;; | ||
General Jourdan proposes that Bonaparte join him in a Jacobin coup d'état against the Directory. Bonaparte refuses.;;;;11.07.1799; | General Jourdan proposes that Bonaparte join him in a Jacobin coup d'état against the Directory. Bonaparte refuses.;;;;11.07.1799;; | ||
Bonaparte dines with [[Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès|Cambacérès]] and arranges the final details of the coup d'état.;;;;11.08.1799; | Bonaparte dines with [[Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès|Cambacérès]] and arranges the final details of the coup d'état.;;;;11.08.1799;; | ||
The [[18 Brumaire|coup d'état of 18 Brumaire]] begins. French troops loyal to Bonaparte occupy key points in Paris. Lucien Bonaparte, the president of the Council of Five Hundred, warns the deputies that a "terrorist" plot against the legislature has been discovered, and asks that the meetings of the Councils, scheduled for the next day, be moved for their security to the [[Château de Saint-Cloud|château of Saint-Cloud]], some 10 kilometers west of Paris. Bonaparte is named [[Commander-in-chief]] of the army in Paris.;;;;11.09.1799; | The [[18 Brumaire|coup d'état of 18 Brumaire]] begins. French troops loyal to Bonaparte occupy key points in Paris. Lucien Bonaparte, the president of the Council of Five Hundred, warns the deputies that a "terrorist" plot against the legislature has been discovered, and asks that the meetings of the Councils, scheduled for the next day, be moved for their security to the [[Château de Saint-Cloud|château of Saint-Cloud]], some 10 kilometers west of Paris. Bonaparte is named [[Commander-in-chief]] of the army in Paris.;;;;11.09.1799;; | ||
As agreed in advance, two members of the Directory who are complicit in the coup, Sieyès and Ducos, offer their resignation. A third, Barras, is talked into resigning by Talleyrand. The two Jacobin directors, Gohier and [[Jean-François-Auguste Moulin|Moulin]], are arrested by the soldiers of General Moreau and confined at the [[Luxembourg Palace]]. Fouché proposes to arrest the leading Jacobin members of the Council of Five Hundred, but Bonaparte does not feel it is necessary, which proves to be a mistake. By the end of the day, Paris is entirely under the control of Bonaparte and officers loyal to him.;;;;11.09.1799; | As agreed in advance, two members of the Directory who are complicit in the coup, Sieyès and Ducos, offer their resignation. A third, Barras, is talked into resigning by Talleyrand. The two Jacobin directors, Gohier and [[Jean-François-Auguste Moulin|Moulin]], are arrested by the soldiers of General Moreau and confined at the [[Luxembourg Palace]]. Fouché proposes to arrest the leading Jacobin members of the Council of Five Hundred, but Bonaparte does not feel it is necessary, which proves to be a mistake. By the end of the day, Paris is entirely under the control of Bonaparte and officers loyal to him.;;;;11.09.1799;; | ||
As proposed by Bonaparte, the members of the two Councils are transported to the château of Saint-Cloud. 6,000 soldiers have been assembled by Bonaparte there, soldiers who are largely hostile to the Councils because of delays in their pay.;;;;11.10.1799; | As proposed by Bonaparte, the members of the two Councils are transported to the château of Saint-Cloud. 6,000 soldiers have been assembled by Bonaparte there, soldiers who are largely hostile to the Councils because of delays in their pay.;;;;11.10.1799;; | ||
Bonaparte speaks first to the Council of the Ancients, explaining the need for a change in government. The upper Council listens in silence and votes without opposition to accept Bonaparte's proposal. Bonaparte then addresses the Council of Five Hundred, meeting in the ''orangerie'' of the domain of Saint-Cloud. Here his reception is much different: the Jacobin members protest angrily, insult and shout down Bonaparte, threatening to declare him outside the law, which would have led to his immediate arrest. While the Council debated in great confusion inside, Lucien Bonaparte takes Bonaparte outside, and tells the waiting soldiers that the deputies had tried to assassinate Bonaparte. The soldiers, furious, invade the meeting hall and chase out the deputies at the point of bayonets. In the absence of the opposition deputies, two parliamentary commissions name Bonaparte, Sieyès and Duclos as the provisional consuls of a new government.;;;;11.10.1799; | Bonaparte speaks first to the Council of the Ancients, explaining the need for a change in government. The upper Council listens in silence and votes without opposition to accept Bonaparte's proposal. Bonaparte then addresses the Council of Five Hundred, meeting in the ''orangerie'' of the domain of Saint-Cloud. Here his reception is much different: the Jacobin members protest angrily, insult and shout down Bonaparte, threatening to declare him outside the law, which would have led to his immediate arrest. While the Council debated in great confusion inside, Lucien Bonaparte takes Bonaparte outside, and tells the waiting soldiers that the deputies had tried to assassinate Bonaparte. The soldiers, furious, invade the meeting hall and chase out the deputies at the point of bayonets. In the absence of the opposition deputies, two parliamentary commissions name Bonaparte, Sieyès and Duclos as the provisional consuls of a new government.;;;;11.10.1799;; | ||
(November 11-22) Bonaparte and the two other Provisional Consuls form a new government, [[Louis-Alexandre Berthier|Berthier]] as minister of War, Talleyrand in charge of foreign relations, Fouché as minister of Police, and Cambacérès as minister of Justice.;;;;11.11.1799; | (November 11-22) Bonaparte and the two other Provisional Consuls form a new government, [[Louis-Alexandre Berthier|Berthier]] as minister of War, Talleyrand in charge of foreign relations, Fouché as minister of Police, and Cambacérès as minister of Justice.;;;;11.11.1799;; | ||
Bonaparte rejects a constitution proposed by Sieyès.;;;;12.01.1799; | Bonaparte rejects a constitution proposed by Sieyès.;;;;12.01.1799;; | ||
The Councils, now firmly under the control of Bonaparte, adopt the [[Constitution of the Year VIII]]. The new [[French Consulate|Consulate]] is formally established, with Bonaparte as First Consul, Cambacérès as Second Consul, and [[Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance|Charles-François Lebrun]] as Third Consul. Traditional histories mark this date as the end of the [[French Revolution]] .;;;;12.24.1799; | The Councils, now firmly under the control of Bonaparte, adopt the [[Constitution of the Year VIII]]. The new [[French Consulate|Consulate]] is formally established, with Bonaparte as First Consul, Cambacérès as Second Consul, and [[Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance|Charles-François Lebrun]] as Third Consul. Traditional histories mark this date as the end of the [[French Revolution]] .;;;;12.24.1799;; | ||
[[Category:History Timeline Page]] | [[Category:History Timeline Page]] | ||