Difference between revisions of "HistoryTimelineLayer:French Revolution"
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Day of the Tiles in Grenoble, first revolt against the king.;;;06.07.1788;long | [[Day of the Tiles]] in [[Grenoble]], first revolt against the king.;;;06.07.1788;long | ||
Assembly of Vizille, assembly of the Estates General of Dauphiné.;;;07.21.1788;long | [[Assembly of Vizille]], assembly of the Estates General of [[Dauphiné]].;;;07.21.1788;long | ||
The royal treasury is declared empty, and the Parlement of Paris refuses to reform the tax system or loan the Crown more money. To win their support for fiscal reforms, the Minister of Finance, Brienne, sets May 5, 1789 for a meeting of the Estates General, an assembly of the nobility, clergy and commoners (the Third Estate), which has not met since 1614.;;;08.08.1788;long | The royal treasury is declared empty, and the [[Parlement of Paris]] refuses to reform the tax system or loan the Crown more money. To win their support for fiscal reforms, the Minister of Finance, [[Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne|Brienne]], sets May 5, 1789 for a meeting of the [[Estates General (France)|Estates General]], an assembly of the nobility, clergy and commoners (the Third Estate), which has not met since 1614.;;;08.08.1788;long | ||
The treasury suspends payments on the debts of the government.;;;08. | * August 16 1788: The treasury suspends payments on the debts of the government.;;;08.25.1788;long | ||
Brienne resigns as Minister of Finance, and is replaced by the Swiss banker Jacques Necker, popular with the Third Estate. French bankers and businessmen, who have always held Necker in high regard, agree to loan the state 75 million, on the condition that the Estates General will have full powers to reform the system.;;; | Brienne resigns as Minister of Finance, and is replaced by the Swiss banker [[Jacques Necker]], popular with the Third Estate. French bankers and businessmen, who have always held Necker in high regard, agree to loan the state 75 million, on the condition that the Estates General will have full powers to reform the system.;;;12.27.1788;long | ||
Over the opposition of the nobles, Necker announces that the representation of the Third Estate will be doubled, and that nobles and clergymen will be eligible to sit with the Third Estate.;;; | Over the opposition of the nobles, Necker announces that the representation of the Third Estate will be doubled, and that nobles and clergymen will be eligible to sit with the Third Estate.;;; 01.15.1789;long | ||
(January | (January 1789) The Abbé [[Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès]] publishes his famous pamphlet, "What is the Third Estate?" he writes\; "What is the Third Estate? Everything. What has it been until now in the political order? Nothing. What does it demand to be? Something.";;;01.24.1789;long | ||
King Louis XVI convokes elections for delegates to the Estates-General;;; | King Louis XVI convokes elections for delegates to the Estates-General;;;04.27.1789;long | ||
Riots in Paris by workers of the Réveillon wallpaper factory in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine. Twenty-five workers were killed in battles with police.;;; | Riots in Paris by workers of the [[Jean-Baptiste Réveillon|Réveillon wallpaper factory]] in the [[Faubourg Saint-Antoine]]. Twenty-five workers were killed in battles with police.;;;05.02.1789;long | ||
Presentation to the King of the Deputies of the Estates-General at Versailles. The clergy and nobles are welcomed with formal ceremonies and processions, the Third Estate is not.;;;05. | Presentation to the King of the Deputies of the Estates-General at Versailles. The clergy and nobles are welcomed with formal ceremonies and processions, the Third Estate is not.;;;05.05.1789;long | ||
Formal opening of the Estates-General at Versailles.;;;05. | Formal opening of the Estates-General at Versailles.;;;05.06.1789;long | ||
The Deputies of the Third Estate refuse to meet separately from the other Estates, occupy the main hall, and invite the clergy and nobility to join them.;;;05. | The Deputies of the Third Estate refuse to meet separately from the other Estates, occupy the main hall, and invite the clergy and nobility to join them.;;;05.11.1789;long | ||
The nobility refuses to meet together with the Third Estate, but the clergy hesitates, and suspends the verification of its deputies.;;;05. | The nobility refuses to meet together with the Third Estate, but the clergy hesitates, and suspends the verification of its deputies.;;;05.20.1789;long | ||
The clergy renounces its special tax privileges, and accepts the principle of fiscal equality.;;;05. | The clergy renounces its special tax privileges, and accepts the principle of fiscal equality.;;;05.22.1789;long | ||
The nobility renounces its special tax privileges. However, the three estates are unable to agree on a common program.;;;05. | The nobility renounces its special tax privileges. However, the three estates are unable to agree on a common program.;;;05.25.1789;long | ||
The Third Estate deputies from Paris, delayed by election procedures, arrive in Versailles.;;; | The Third Estate deputies from Paris, delayed by election procedures, arrive in Versailles.;;;06.03.1789;long | ||
The scientist Jean Sylvain Bailly is chosen the leader of the Third Estate deputies.;;;06. | The scientist [[Jean Sylvain Bailly]] is chosen the leader of the Third Estate deputies.;;;06.04.1789;long | ||
Upon the death of seven-year-old Louis Joseph | Upon the death of seven-year-old [[Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France|Louis Joseph Xavier François, Dauphin of France]], the eldest son and heir of Louis XVI, his four-year-old brother, [[Louis XVII of France|Louis-Charles, Duke of Normandy]], becomes the new Dauphin.;;;06.06.1789;long | ||
The deputies of the nobility reject a compromise program proposed by finance minister Jacques Necker.;;;06. | The deputies of the nobility reject a compromise program proposed by finance minister [[Jacques Necker]].;;;06.10.1789;long | ||
At the suggestion of Sieyès, the Third Estate deputies decide to hold their own meeting, and invite the other Estates to join them.;;;06. | At the suggestion of [[Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès|Sieyès]], the Third Estate deputies decide to hold their own meeting, and invite the other Estates to join them.;;;06.13.1789;long | ||
(June | (June 13-14) Nine deputies from the clergy decide to join the meeting of the Third Estate.;;;06.17.1789;long | ||
On the proposal of Sieyés, the deputies of the Third Estate declare themselves the National Assembly. To ensure popular support, they decree that taxes need only be paid while the Assembly is in session.;;;06. | On the proposal of Sieyés, the deputies of the Third Estate declare themselves the [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]]. To ensure popular support, they decree that taxes need only be paid while the Assembly is in session.;;;06.19.1789;long | ||
By a vote of 149 to 137, the deputies of the clergy join the assembly of the Third Estate.;;;06. | By a vote of 149 to 137, the deputies of the clergy join the assembly of the Third Estate.;;;06.20.1789;long | ||
On the orders of Louis XVI, the meeting hall of the Third Estate is closed and locked. At the suggestion of Dr. Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, the deputies gather instead in the indoor tennis court, where they swear not to separate until they have given France a new Constitution (the Tennis Court Oath).;;;06. | On the orders of Louis XVI, the meeting hall of the Third Estate is closed and locked. At the suggestion of Dr. [[Joseph-Ignace Guillotin]], the deputies gather instead in the indoor tennis court, where they swear not to separate until they have given France a new Constitution (the [[Tennis Court Oath]]).;;;06.21.1789;long | ||
The Royal Council rejects the financial program of Minister Necker.;;;06. | The Royal Council rejects the financial program of Minister Necker.;;;06.22.1789;long | ||
The new National Assembly meets in the church of Saint Louis in Versailles. One hundred fifty deputies from the clergy attend, along with two deputies from the nobility.;;;06. | The new National Assembly meets in the [[Versailles Cathedral|church of Saint Louis]] in Versailles. One hundred fifty deputies from the clergy attend, along with two deputies from the nobility.;;;06.23.1789;long | ||
Louis XVI personally addresses the Estates-General (a Séance royale), where he invalidates the decisions of the National Assembly and instructs the three estates to continue to meet separately. The king departs followed by the Second- and most of the First-Estate deputies, but the Third-Estate deputies remain in the hall. When the king's master of ceremonies reminds them that Louis has invalidated their decrees, the Comte de Mirabeau, Third-Estate deputy from Aix, boldly shouts that "we are assembled here by the will of the people" and that they would "leave only at the point of a bayonet".;;;06. | Louis XVI personally addresses the Estates-General (a ''Séance royale''), where he invalidates the decisions of the National Assembly and instructs the three estates to continue to meet separately. The king departs followed by the Second- and most of the First-Estate deputies, but the Third-Estate deputies remain in the hall. When the king's master of ceremonies reminds them that Louis has invalidated their decrees, the [[Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau|Comte de Mirabeau]], Third-Estate deputy from Aix, boldly shouts that "we are assembled here by the will of the people" and that they would "leave only at the point of a bayonet".;;;06.25.1789;long | ||
48 nobles, headed by Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, join the Assembly.;;;06. | 48 nobles, headed by [[Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans]], join the Assembly.;;;06.27.1789;long | ||
Louis XVI reverses course, instructs the nobility and clergy to meet with the other estates, and recognizes the new Assembly. At the same time, he orders reliable military units, largely composed of Swiss and German mercenaries, to Paris.;;;06. | Louis XVI reverses course, instructs the nobility and clergy to meet with the other estates, and recognizes the new Assembly. At the same time, he orders reliable military units, largely composed of Swiss and German mercenaries, to Paris.;;;06.30.1789;long | ||
A crowd invades the prison of the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés and liberates soldiers who had been imprisoned for attending meetings of political clubs.;;;06 | A crowd invades the prison of the Abbey of [[Saint-Germain-des-Prés]] and liberates soldiers who had been imprisoned for attending meetings of political clubs.;;;07.06.1789;long | ||
The National Assembly forms a committee of thirty members to write a new Constitution.;;;07. | The National Assembly forms a committee of thirty members to write a new Constitution.;;;07.08.1789;long | ||
As tensions mount, the Comte de Mirabeau, Third-Estate deputy from Aix, demands that the Gardes Françaises of the military household of the king of France be moved out of Paris, and that a new civil guard be created within the city.;;;07. | As tensions mount, the [[Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau|Comte de Mirabeau]], Third-Estate deputy from Aix, demands that the [[Gardes Françaises]] of the [[Maison militaire du roi de France|military household of the king of France]] be moved out of Paris, and that a new civil guard be created within the city.;;;07.09.1789;long | ||
The National Assembly reconstitutes itself as the National Constituent Assembly.;;;07. | The National Assembly reconstitutes itself as the [[National Constituent Assembly (France)|National Constituent Assembly]].;;;07.11.1789;long | ||
Louis XVI abruptly dismisses Necker. Parisians respond by burning the unpopular customs barriers, and invading and looting the monastery of the Lazaristes. Skirmishes between the cavalrymen of the Régiment de Royal-Allemand of the King's Guard and the angry crowd outside the Tuileries Palace. The Gardes Françaises largely take the side of the crowd.;;;07. | Louis XVI abruptly dismisses Necker. Parisians respond by burning the unpopular customs barriers, and invading and looting the monastery of the [[Congregation of the Mission|''Lazaristes'']]. Skirmishes between the cavalrymen of the [[Régiment de Royal-Allemand cavalerie|Régiment de Royal-Allemand]] of the King's Guard and the angry crowd outside the [[Tuileries Palace]]. The ''Gardes Françaises'' largely take the side of the crowd.;;;07.13.1789;long | ||
The National Assembly declares itself in permanent session. At the Hôtel de Ville, city leaders begin to form a governing committee and an armed militia.;;;07. | The National Assembly declares itself in permanent session. At the [[Hôtel de Ville, Paris|''Hôtel de Ville'']], city leaders begin to form a governing committee and an armed militia.;;;07.14.1789;long | ||
Storming of the Bastille. A large armed crowd besieges the Bastille, which holds only seven prisoners but has a large supply of gunpowder, which the crowd wants. After several hours of resistance, the governor of the fortress de Launay, finally surrenders | [[Storming of the Bastille]]. A large armed crowd besieges the Bastille, which holds only seven prisoners but has a large supply of gunpowder, which the crowd wants. After several hours of resistance, the governor of the fortress [[Bernard-René de Launay|de Launay]], finally surrenders\; as he exits, he is killed by the crowd. The crowd also kills [[Jacques de Flesselles|de Flesselles]], the provost of the Paris merchants.;;;07.15.1789;long | ||
The astronomer and mathematician Jean Sylvain Bailly is named mayor of Paris, and Lafayette is appointed Commander of the newly formed National Guard.;;;07. | The astronomer and mathematician [[Jean Sylvain Bailly]] is named mayor of Paris, and [[Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette|Lafayette]] is appointed Commander of the newly formed [[National Guard (France)|National Guard]].;;;07.16.1789;long | ||
The King reinstates Necker as finance minister and withdraws royal troops from the center of the city. The new elected Paris assembly votes the destruction of the Bastille fortress. Similar committees and local militias are formed in Lyon, Rennes, and in other large French cities.;;;07. | The King reinstates Necker as finance minister and withdraws royal troops from the center of the city. The new elected Paris assembly votes the destruction of the Bastille fortress. Similar committees and local militias are formed in [[Lyon]], [[Rennes]], and in other large French cities.;;;07.17.1789;long | ||
The King visits Paris, where he is welcomed at the Hôtel de Ville by Bailly and Lafayette, and wears the tricolor cockade. Sensing what is ahead, several prominent members of the nobility, including the Count of Artois, the Prince de Condé, the Duke of Enghien, the Baron de Breteuil, the Duke of Broglie, the Duke of Polignac and his wife become the first of a wave of | The King visits Paris, where he is welcomed at the ''Hôtel de Ville'' by Bailly and Lafayette, and wears the tricolor [[cockade]]. Sensing what is ahead, several prominent members of the nobility, including the [[Charles X of France|Count of Artois]], the [[Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé|Prince de Condé]], the [[Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien|Duke of Enghien]], the [[Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil|Baron de Breteuil]], the [[Victor-François, 2nd duc de Broglie|Duke of Broglie]], the [[Jules, 1st Duke of Polignac|Duke of Polignac]] and [[Yolande de Polastron|his wife]] become the first of a wave of ''[[émigré]]s'' to leave France.;;;07.18.1789;long | ||
Camille Desmoulins begins publication of 'La France libre', demanding a much more radical revolution and calling for a republic arguing that revolutionary violence is justified.;;;07. | [[Camille Desmoulins]] begins publication of 'La France libre', demanding a much more radical revolution and calling for a republic arguing that revolutionary violence is justified.;;;07.22.1789;long | ||
An armed mob on the Place de Grève massacres Berthier de Sauvigny | An armed mob on the [[Place de l'Hôtel-de-Ville – Esplanade de la Libération|''Place de Grève'']] massacres [[Louis Bénigne François Berthier de Sauvigny|Berthier de Sauvigny]], Intendant of Paris, and his father-in-law, accused of speculating in grain.;;;07.21.1789;08.01.1789 | ||
Riots and peasant revolts in Strasbourg (July 21), Le Mans (July 23), Colmar, Alsace, and Hainaut (July 25).;;;07. | Riots and peasant revolts in Strasbourg (July 21), Le Mans (July 23), Colmar, Alsace, and Hainaut (July 25).;;;07.28.1789;long | ||
Jacques Pierre Brissot begins publication of Le Patriote français, an influential newspaper of the revolutionary movement known as the Girondins.;;;07 | [[Jacques Pierre Brissot]] begins publication of ''Le Patriote français'', an influential newspaper of the revolutionary movement known as the [[Girondins]].;;;08.04.1789;long | ||
The King appoints a government of reformist ministers around Necker. The Assembly votes to abolish the privileges and feudal rights of the nobility.;;;08.07.1789;long | |||
Publication of "A plot uncovered to lull the people to sleep" by [[Jean-Paul Marat]], denouncing the reforms of August 4 as insufficient and demanding a much more radical revolution. Marat quickly becomes the voice of the most turbulent ''[[sans culottes|sans-culottes]]'' faction of the Revolution.;;;08.23.1789;long | |||
The Assembly proclaims freedom of religious opinions.;;;08.24.1789;long | |||
The Assembly proclaims freedom of speech.;;;08.27.1789;long | |||
The Assembly adopts the [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]], drafted largely by Lafayette.;;;08.27.1789;long | |||
The Assembly debates giving the King the power to veto legislation.;;;08.28.1789;long | |||
Camille Desmoulins organizes an uprising at the [[Palais-Royal]] to block the proposed veto for the King and to force the King to return to Paris. The uprising fails.;;;08.30.1789;long | |||
The Constitution Committee of the Assembly proposes a two-house parliament and a royal right of veto.;;;08.31.1789;long | |||
The Mayor of [[Troyes]] is assassinated by a mob.;;;09.09.1789;long | |||
The National Assembly gives the King the power to temporarily veto laws for two legislative sessions.;;;09.11.1789;long | |||
Desmoulins publishes ''Discours de la lanterne aux Parisiens,'' a radical pamphlet justifying political violence and exalting the Parisian mob.;;;09.15.1789;long | |||
First issue of [[Jean Paul Marat]]'s newspaper, ''[[L'Ami du peuple]]'', proposing a radical social and political revolution.;;;09.16.1789;long | |||
Election of a new municipal assembly in Paris, with three hundred members elected by districts.;;;09.19.1789;long | |||
At the ''banquet des Gardes du Corps du Roi'' in Versailles, which Louis XVI, Marie-Antoinette and the Dauphin attended at dessert time, the King's guards put on the white royal ''cocarde''. The false news quickly reaches Paris that the guards had trampled on the tricolor and causes outrage.;;;10.01.1789;long | |||
Marat's newspaper demands a march on Versailles to protest the insult to the ''cocarde tricolor''. Thousands of women take part in the march, joined in the evening by the Paris national guard led by Lafayette.;;;10.05.1789;long | |||
After an orderly march, a crowd of women invade the Palace. The women demand that the King and his family accompany them back to Paris, and the King agrees. The National Assembly also decides to relocate to Paris.;;;10.06.1789;long | |||
The Assembly names Lafayette commander of the regular army in and around Paris. The Assembly also modifies the royal title from "King of France and Navarre" to "King of the French". [[Joseph-Ignace Guillotin]], a doctor, member of the Assembly, proposes a new and more humane form of public execution, which eventually is named after him, the [[guillotine]].;;;10.10.1789;long | |||
Louis XVI secretly writes to king [[Charles IV of Spain]], complaining of mistreatment. The Count of Artois secretly writes to [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II of Austria]] requesting a military intervention in France.;;;10.12.1789;long | |||
The National Assembly holds its first meeting in Paris, in the chapel of the archbishop's residence next to [[Notre Dame de Paris|Notre Dame Cathedral]].;;;10.19.1789;long | |||
The Assembly declares a state of martial law to prevent future uprisings.;;;10.21.1789;long | |||
The Assembly votes to place property of the Church at the disposition of the Nation.;;;11.02.1789;long | |||
The Assembly moves to the ''[[Salle du Manège]]'', the former riding school near the Tuileries Palace.;;;11.09.1789;long | |||
First issue of Desmoulins' weekly ''Histoire des Révolutions de France et de Brabant'', savagely attacking royalists and aristocrats.;;;11.28.1789;long | |||
(November) the Breton Club is reconstituted in Paris at the Saint-Honore monastery of Doninicans, who were more popularly known as Jacobins, under the name Society of Friends of the Constitution;;;11.15.1789;long | |||
Revolt by the sailors of the [[History of the French Navy|French Navy]] in [[Toulon]], who arrest [[François Hector d'Albert de Rions|Admiral d'Albert]].;;;12.01.1789;long | |||
The Assembly decides to divide France into departments, in place of the former [[provinces of France]].;;;12.09.1789;long | |||
Introduction of the ''[[assignat]]'', a form of currency based not on silver, but on the value of the property of the Church confiscated by the State.;;;12.19.1789;long | |||
The Assembly decrees that Protestants are eligible to hold public office\; Jews are still excluded.;;;12.24.1789;long | |||
Riot in Versailles demanding lower bread prices.;;;01.07.1790;long | |||
Marat publishes a fierce attack on finance minister Necker.;;;01.18.1790;long | |||
Paris municipal police try to arrest Marat for his violent attacks on the government, but he is defended by a crowd of ''sans-culottes'' and escapes to London.;;;01.22.1790;long | |||
The Assembly forbids the taking of religious vows and suppresses the contemplative religious orders.;;;02.13.1790;long | |||
The Assembly requires ''curés'' (parish priests) in churches across France to read aloud the decrees of the Assembly.;;;02.23.1790;long | |||
The Assembly abolishes the requirement that army officers be members of the nobility.;;;02.28.1790;long | |||
The Assembly decides to continue the institution of [[Slavery in the British and French Caribbean|slavery in French colonies]], but permits the establishment of colonial assemblies.;;;03.08.1790;long | |||
The Assembly approves the sale of the property of the church by municipalities;;;03.12.1790;long | |||
[[Pope Pius VI]] condemns the [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]] in a secret consistory.;;;03.29.1790;long | |||
A series of pro-catholic and anti-revolutionary riots in the French provinces\; in Vannes (April 5), Nîmes (April 6), Toulouse (April 18), Toulon (May 3), and Avignon (June 10) protesting measures taken against the church.;;;04.05.1790;06.10.1790 | |||
Foundation of the [[Cordeliers]] club, which meets in the former convent of that name. It becomes one of most vocal proponents of radical change.;;;04.17.1790;long | |||
Riots in [[Marseille]]. Three forts are captured, and the commander of [[Fort Saint-Jean (Marseille)|Fort Saint-Jean]], the Chevalier de Beausset, is assassinated.;;;04.30.1790;long | |||
Lafayette and [[Jean Sylvain Bailly]] institute the [[Society of 1789]].;;;05.12.1790;long | |||
Law passed that allows for the redemption of manorial dues.;;;05.15.1790;long | |||
Marat returns to Paris and resumes publication of ''L'Ami du people''.;;;05.18.1790;long | |||
The Assembly decides that it alone can decide issues of war and peace, but that the war cannot be declared without the proposition and sanction by the King.;;;05.22.1790;long | |||
[[Lyon]] celebrates the Revolution with a ''Fête de la Fédération''. [[Lille]] holds a similar event on June 6. [[Strasbourg]] on June 13, [[Rouen]] on June 19.;;;05.30.1790;long | |||
Uprising of biracial residents of the French colony of [[Martinique]].;;;06.03.1790;long | |||
The Assembly abolishes the titles, orders, and other privileges of the hereditary nobility.;;;06.19.1790;long | |||
Avignon, then under the rule of the [[Pope]], asks to be joined to France. The Assembly, wishing to avoid a confrontation with [[Pope Pius VI]], delays a decision.;;;06.26.1790;long | |||
Diplomats of England, Austria, Prussia and the United Provinces meet at [[Dzierżoniów|Reichenbach]] to discuss possible military intervention against the French Revolution.;;;06.26.1790;long | |||
The Assembly adopts the final text on the status of the French clergy. Clergymen lose their special status, and are required to take an [[Civil Constitution of the Clergy|oath of allegiance]] to the government.;;;07.12.1790;long | |||
The ''[[Fête de la Fédération]]'' is held on the ''Champ de Mars'' in Paris to celebrate the first anniversary of the Revolution. The event is attended by the king and queen, the National Assembly, the government, and a huge crowd. Lafayette takes a civic oath vowing to "be ever faithful to the nation, to the law, and to the king\; to support with our utmost power the constitution decreed by the National Assembly, and accepted by the king." This oath is taken by his troops, as well as the king. The ''Fête de la Fédération'' is the last event to unite all the different factions in Paris during the Revolution.;;;07.14.1790;long | |||
The Pope writes a secret letter to Louis XVI, promising to condemn the Assembly's abolition of the special status of the French clergy.;;;07.23.1790;long | |||
Marat publishes a demand for the immediate execution of five to six hundred aristocrats to save the Revolution.;;;07.26.1790;long | |||
The Assembly refuses to allow Austrian troops to cross French territory to suppress an uprising in Belgium, inspired by the French Revolution.;;;07.28.1790;long | |||
The Assembly decides to take legal action against Marat and Camille Desmoulins because of their calls for revolutionary violence.;;;07.31.1790;long | |||
The Assembly establishes positions of [[Justice of the peace|justices of the peace]] around the country to replace the traditional courts held by the local nobles.;;;08.16.1790;long | |||
The Assembly calls for the re-establishment of discipline in the army.;;;08.16.1790;long | |||
Battles in [[Nancy, France|Nancy]] between rebellious soldiers of the army and the national guard units of the city, who support Lafayette and the Assembly.;;;08.31.1790;long | |||
Necker, the finance minister, is dismissed. The National Assembly takes charge of the public treasury.;;;09.04.1790;long | |||
Mutiny of sailors of the French fleet at [[Brest, France|Brest]].;;;09.16.1790;long | |||
Louis XVI writes his cousin, [[Charles IV of Spain]], to express his hostility to the new status of the French clergy.;;;10.06.1790;long | |||
The Assembly dissolves the local assembly of Saint-Dominque (now [[Haiti]]) and again reaffirms the institution of slavery.;;;10.12.1790;long | |||
The Assembly decrees that the [[Flag of France|tricolor]] will replace the white flag and [[Fleur-de-lis|fleur-de-lys]] of the French monarchy as emblem of France.;;;10.21.1790;long | |||
Insurrection in the French colony of Isle de France (now [[Mauritius]]).;;;11.04.1790;long | |||
Uprising of black slaves in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (now [[Haiti]]).;;;11.25.1790;long | |||
The Assembly decrees that all members of the clergy must take an oath to the Nation, the Law and the King. A large majority of French clergymen refuse to take the oath.;;;11.27.1790;long | |||
Louis XVI writes to [[Frederick William II of Prussia|King Frederick William II of Prussia]] asking for a military intervention by European monarchs to restore his authority.;;;12.03.1790;long | |||
Thirty-nine deputies of the Assembly, who are also clergymen, take an oath of allegiance to the government. However, a majority of clergymen serving in the Assembly refuse to take the oath.;;;12.27.1790;long | |||
[[Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau|Mirabeau]] elected President of the Assembly;;;01.01.1791;long | |||
Priests are ordered to take an oath to the Nation within twenty-four hours. A majority of clerical members of the Assembly refuse to take the oath.;;;01.03.1791;long | |||
[[Mesdames de France|''Mesdames'']], the daughters of Louis XV and aunts of Louis XVI, depart France for exile.;;;02.19.1791;long | |||
Constitutional bishops, who have taken an oath to the State, replace the former Church hierarchy.;;;02.24.1791;long | |||
[[Day of Daggers]]. [[Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette|Lafayette]] orders the arrest of 400 armed aristocrats who have gathered at the [[Tuileries Palace]] to protect the royal family. They are freed on March 13.;;;02.28.1791;long | |||
Abolition of the traditional [[Guild|trade guilds]].;;;03.02.1791;long | |||
The Assembly orders that the silver objects owned by the Church be melted down and sold to fund the government.;;;03.03.1791;long | |||
Pope Pius VI condemns the [[Civil Constitution of the Clergy]];;;03.10.1791;long | |||
Diplomatic relations broken between France and the Vatican.;;;03.25.1791;long | |||
Death of [[Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau|Mirabeau]].;;;04.02.1791;long | |||
The Assembly proposes transforming the new church of Sainte Geneviève, not yet consecrated, into the [[Panthéon]]. a mausoleum for illustrious citizens of France. On May 4, the remains of Mirabeau are the first to be placed in the new ''Panthéon''.;;;04.03.1791;long | |||
Encyclical of Pope Pius VI condemns the Civil Constitution of the Clergy.;;;04.13.1791;long | |||
The National Guard, despite orders from Lafayette, blocks the royal family from going to the ''[[Château de Saint-Cloud]]'' to celebrate Easter.;;;04.18.1791;long | |||
On a proposal of [[Maximilien Robespierre|Robespierre]], the Assembly votes to forbid members of the current Assembly to become candidates for the next Assembly.;;;05.16.1791;long | |||
The Assembly orders the transfers of the ashes of [[Voltaire]] to the Panthéon.;;;05.30.1791;long | |||
[[Le Chapelier Law 1791|The Chapelier Law]] is passed by the Assembly, abolishing corporations and forbidding labor unions and strikes.;;;06.14.1791;long | |||
The Assembly forbids priests to wear ecclesiastical robes outside churches.;;;06.15.1791;long | |||
(June 20-21) The [[Flight to Varennes]]. In the night of 20–21 June, the King, the Queen and their children slip out of the Tuileries Palace and flee by carriage in the direction of [[Montmédy]].;;;06.20.1791;long | |||
The King is recognized at Varennes. The Assembly announces that he was taken against his will, and sends three commissioners to bring him back to Paris.;;;06.21.1791;long | |||
Louis XVI returns to Paris. The Assembly suspends his functions until further notice.;;;06.25.1791;long | |||
[[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Leopold II]] issues the [[Padua Circular]] calling on the royal houses of Europe to come to the aid of Louis XVI, his brother-in-law.;;;07.05.1791;long | |||
The Assembly decrees that ''émigrés'' must return to France within two months, or forfeit their property.;;;07.09.1791;long | |||
The ashes of [[Voltaire]] are transferred to the ''Panthéon''.;;;07.11.1791;long | |||
National Assembly declares the king inviolable, and cannot be put on trial. Louis XVI suspended from his duties until the ratification of a new Constitution.;;;07.15.1791;long | |||
The more moderate members of the [[Jacobins]] club break away to form a new club, the [[Feuillant (political group)|Feuillants]].;;;07.16.1791;long | |||
A demonstration sponsored by the Jacobins, Cordeliers and their allies carries a petition demanding the removal of the King to the ''Champ de Mars''. The city government raises the red flag, the sign of martial law, and forbids the demonstration. The National Guard fires on the crowd, and some fifty persons are killed.;;;07.17.1791;long | |||
Following the events in the ''Champ de Mars'', the Assembly forbids incitement to riot, urging citizens to disobey the law, and seditious publications, aimed at the Jacobins and Cordeliers. Marat goes into hiding and Danton flees to England.;;;07.18.1791;long | |||
Slave uprising begins in Saint Domingue (Haiti);;;08.14.1791;long | |||
[[Declaration of Pillnitz]] - A proclamation by [[Frederick William II of Prussia]] and Habsburg [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold II]], affirms their wish to "put the King of France in a state to strengthen the bases of monarchic government." This vague statement is taken in France as a direct threat by the other European powers to intervene in the Revolution.;;;08.27.1791;long | |||
(September 13-14) Louis XVI formally accepts the new [[French Constitution of 1791|Constitution]].;;;09.13.1791;long | |||
The Assembly declares that all men living in France, regardless of color, are free, but preserves slavery in French colonies. French Jews are granted citizenship.;;;09.27.1791;long | |||
The Assembly limits membership in the National Guard to citizens who pay a certain level of taxes, thus excluding the working class.;;;09.29.1791;long | |||
Last day of the [[National Constituent Assembly (France)|National Constituent Assembly]]. Assembly grants amnesty to all those punished for illegal political activity since 1788.;;;09.30.1791;long | |||
First session of the new national [[Legislative Assembly (France)|Legislative Assembly]]. [[Claude-Emmanuel de Pastoret|Claude Pastoret]], a monarchist, is elected President of the assembly.;;;10.01.1791;long | |||
Riots against the revolutionary commune, or city government, in [[Avignon]]. After an official of the commune is killed, anti-government prisoners kept in the basements of the [[Palais des Papes|Papal Palace]] are massacred.;;;10.16.1791;long | |||
''Émigrés'' are again ordered to return to France before January 1, 1792, under penalty of losing their property and a sentence of death. King Louis XVI vetoes the declaration on November 11, but asks his brothers to return to France.;;;11.09.1791;long | |||
[[Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve]] is elected mayor of Paris, with 6,728 votes against 3,126 for Lafayette. Out of 80,000 eligible voters, 70,000 abstain.;;;11.14.1791;long | |||
The Legislative Assembly creates a Committee of Surveillance to oversee the government.;;;11.25.1791;long | |||
Priests are again ordered to take an oath to the government, or to be considered suspects.;;;11.29.1791;long | |||
The King writes a secret letter to [[Frederick William II of Prussia]], urging him to intervene militarily in France "to prevent the evil which is happening here before it overtakes the other states of Europe.;;;12.03.1791;long | |||
Louis XVI's brothers, (the counts of Provence and Artois) refuse to return to France, citing "the moral and physical captivity in which the King is being held.";;;12.03.1791;long | |||
Lafayette receives command of one of the three new armies established to defend the French borders, the [[Army of the Centre]], based at [[Metz]]. The other two armies are commanded by [[Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau|Rochambeau]] ([[Army of the North (France)|Army of the North]]) and [[Nicolas Luckner]] ([[Army of the Rhine (France)|Army of the Rhine]]).;;;12.14.1791;long | |||
The Assembly votes to summon a mass army of volunteers to defend the borders of France;;;12.28.1791;long | |||
The [[Haitian Revolution|slave uprising in Haiti]] causes severe shortages of sugar and coffee in Paris. Riots against food shortages\; many food shops are looted.January–March: Food riots in [[Paris]];;;01.23.1792;long | |||
French citizens are required to have a passport to travel in the interior of the country.;;;02.01.1792;long | |||
[[Holy Roman Empire|Austria]] and [[Prussia]] sign in [[Berlin]] a military convention to invade France and defend the monarchy.;;;02.07.1792;long | |||
The Assembly decrees the [[Biens nationaux|confiscation of the property]] of ''émigrés'', for the benefit of the Nation.;;;02.09.1792;long | |||
Confrontation between the army and crowds in [[Béthune]] over the allocation of grain.;;;02.23.1792;long | |||
The [[Duke of Brunswick]] is named to command a joint Austrian-Prussian invasion of France.;;;03.07.1792;long | |||
The Assembly granted equal rights to free people of color in Haiti.<\;ref name="Ghachem, Malick W 2012">\;Ghachem, Malick W. The Old Regime and the Haitian Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.<\;/ref>\;;;;April 4 1792; | |||
The Assembly closes the [[College of Sorbonne|Sorbonne]], a center of conservative theology.;;;04.05.1792;long | |||
The Assembly declares war on the [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|King of Bohemia and Hungary]], i.e. to the [[Holy Roman Empire]].;;;04.20.1792;long | |||
[[La Marseillaise]] composed by [[Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle]], is sung for the first time in [[Strasbourg]].;;;04.25.1792;long | |||
The war begins. The army of [[Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau|Rochambeau]] invades the [[Austrian Netherlands]].;;;04.28.1792;long | |||
The government issues three hundred million ''assignats'' to finance the war.;;;04.30.1792;long | |||
The Assembly orders the raising of thirty-one new battalions for the army.;;;05.05.1792;long | |||
The Royal-Allemand regiment ([[Régiment de Royal-Allemand cavalerie]]), composed of German mercenaries, deserts the French army and joins the Austrian-Prussian coalition.;;;05.06.1792;long | |||
The [[Hussar]] regiments of Saxe and Bercheny desert the French Army and join the coalition.;;;05.12.1792;long | |||
The Assembly orders the deportation of priests who have not signed the oath to the government, known as the [[Civil Constitution of the Clergy]].;;;05.27.1792;long | |||
The Assembly orders the raising of an army of twenty thousand volunteers to be camped outside Paris.;;;06.08.1792;long | |||
Louis XVI vetoes the laws on the deportation of priests and the formation of a new army outside Paris.;;;06.11.1792;long | |||
A secret insurrectionary committee, supported by the [[Paris Commune (French Revolution)|Paris Commune]] and led by the prosecutors [[Louis Pierre Manuel]] and [[Georges Danton]], is formed.;;;06.20.1792;long | |||
[[Demonstration of 20 June 1792|Demonstrators invade]] the [[Tuileries Palace]] and king Louis XVI condescends to wear a red [[Phrygian cap|liberty cap]] and drink to the health of the Nation.;;;06.20.1792;long | |||
The Assembly bans gatherings of armed citizens within the city limits.;;;06.21.1792;long | |||
Lafayette speaks to the Assembly, denouncing the actions of the Jacobins and other radical groups in the Assembly. His proposal to organize a review of the National guard in Paris is annulled by [[Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve|Pétion]], mayor of Paris.;;;06.28.1792;long | |||
Lafayette leaves Paris and returns to his army. He is denounced by [[Robespierre]] and his effigy is burned by a mob at the [[Palais-Royal]].;;;06.30.1792;long | |||
As the Austrian army advances slowly toward Paris, the Assembly declares that the Nation is in danger (''[[La patrie en danger]]'').;;;07.11.1792;long | |||
The Assembly votes to send regular army units, whose officers largely support Lafayette, far outside the city.;;;07.15.1792;long | |||
Members of the [[Cordeliers|Cordeliers club]], led by Danton, demand the convocation of a Convention to replace the Legislative Assembly.;;;07.15.1792;long | |||
The Assembly authorizes the Paris sections, local assemblies in each neighborhood, many controlled by the Jacobins and Cordeliers, to meet in permanent sessions.;;;07.25.1792;long | |||
[[Brunswick Manifesto (1792)|Brunswick Manifesto]] - The Austrian commander warns that should the royal family be harmed, an "exemplary and eternally memorable revenge" will follow.;;;07.25.1792;long | |||
The Brunswick Manifesto is widely circulated in Paris, causing fury against the King.;;;07.28.1792;long | |||
Decree by the Assembly allows working-class citizens (those who pay no taxes) to join the National Guard.;;;07.30.1792;long | |||
Arrival in Paris of volunteer ''[[fédérés]]'' from [[Marseille]]. They sing the new war hymn, of the Army of the Rhine, which gradually takes their name, [[La Marseillaise]]. Fights break out between the new volunteers and soldiers of the National Guard loyal to Lafayette.;;;07.30.1792;long | |||
47 of the 48 sections of Paris, mostly controlled by the Cordeliers and the Jacobins, send petitions to the Assembly, demanding the removal of the King. They are presented by Pétion, the mayor of Paris.;;;08.03.1792;long | |||
The Paris section Number Eighty proclaims an insurrection on August 10 if the Assembly does not remove the King. At the request of the royal household, the Swiss guards at the Tuileries are reinforced, and joined by many armed nobles.;;;08.04.1792;long | |||
[[Georges Danton]], a deputy city prosecutor, and his Cordeliers allies take over the Paris city government and establish the [[Paris Commune (French Revolution)|Revolutionary Paris commune]]. They take possession of the ''Hôtel de Ville''. They increase the number of Commune deputies to 288. The Assembly recognizes them as the legal government of Paris on August 10.;;;08.09.1792;long | |||
[[10 August (French Revolution)|Storming of the Tuileries Palace]]. The [[National Guard (France)|National Guard]] of the insurrectional [[Paris Commune (French Revolution)|Paris Commune]] and revolutionary ''[[fédéré]]s'' from [[Marseille]] and [[Brittany]] attack the Tuileries Palace. The King and his family take refuge in the Legislative Assembly. The [[Swiss Guard]]s defending the Palace are massacred. The Legislative Assembly provisionally suspends the authority of the King, and orders the election of a new government, the [[National Convention|Convention]].;;;08.10.1792;long | |||
The Assembly elects a new Executive Committee to replace the government. [[Georges Danton|Danton]] is named Minister of Justice. The municipalities are authorized to arrest suspected enemies of the Revolution, and royalist newspapers and publications are banned.;;;08.11.1792;long | |||
Royal family imprisoned in the [[Temple (Paris)|Temple]].;;;08.13.1792;long | |||
Lafayette tries unsuccessfully to persuade his army to march on Paris to rescue the royal family.;;;08.14.1792;long | |||
At the demand of Robespierre and the Commune of Paris, who threatens an armed uprising if the Assembly does not comply, the Assembly votes the creation of a [[Revolutionary Tribunal]], the members of which are selected by the Commune, and the summoning of a [[National Convention]] to replace the Assembly.;;;08.17.1792;long | |||
The Assembly abolishes the religious teaching orders and those running hospitals, the last remaining religious orders in France.;;;08.18.1792;long | |||
Lafayette leaves his army and goes into exile. The Coalition army of Austrian and Prussian soldiers, and of French ''émigrés'', led by the [[Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick|Duke of Brunswick]] crosses the northern and eastern borders into France.;;;08.19.1792;long | |||
First summary judgement by the Revolutionary Tribunal and execution by the guillotine of a royalist, Louis Collenot d'Angremont ([[:fr:Louis Collenot d'Angremont|fr]]).;;;08.21.1792;long | |||
The Paris Commune orders that persons henceforth be addressed as ''Citoyen'' and ''Citoyenne'' ("Citizen") rather than ''Monsieur'' or ''Madame''.;;;08.22.1792;long | |||
Royalist riots in [[Brittany]], [[Vendée]] and [[Dauphiné]].;;;08.22.1792;long | |||
[[Battle of Verdun (1792)|Capitulation without a fight]] of [[Verdun]] to Brunswick's troops.;;;09.02.1792;long | |||
(September 2-7) Following the news of surrender of Verdun, the Commune orders [[September Massacres|massacres of prisoners in Paris prisons]]. Between 1400 and 2000 prisoners are massacred, the great majority were common criminals, 17 percent were priests, 6 percent Swiss guards, and 5 percent political prisoners.;;;09.02.1792;long | |||
The government requisitions all church objects made of gold or silver.;;;09.10.1792;long | |||
Creation of the [[Louvre Museum]] displaying art taken from royal collections.;;;09.19.1792;long | |||
Last session of Assembly votes a new law permitting civil marriage and divorce.;;;09.20.1792;long | |||
The French army under Generals [[Dumouriez]] and [[François Christophe de Kellermann|Kellermann]] defeat the Prussians at the [[Battle of Valmy]]. The Prussians retreat.;;;09.20.1792;long | |||
The newly elected [[National Convention]] holds its first session behind closed doors, in the ''[[Salle du Manège]]'', the former riding school of the Tuileries Palace, and elects its Bureau. Of the 749 deputies, 113 are [[Jacobins]], who take their seats in the highest benches in the hall, the ''Montagne'' (Mountain), thus their nickname of ''Montagnards'', the "Mountaineers".;;;09.20.1792;long | |||
The Convention proclaims the abolition of royalty and the [[First French Republic]].;;;09.22.1792;long | |||
French troops occupy [[Nice]], then part of [[Savoy]].;;;09.29.1792;long | |||
French troops occupy [[Basel]] in [[Switzerland]], then ruled by Archbishop of Basel, and proclaim it an independent Republic.;;;10.03.1792;long | |||
French troops occupy [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]].;;;10.23.1792;long | |||
The French army under Dumouriez invades the Austrian Netherlands (Belgium). They occupy [[Brussels]] on November 14.;;;10.27.1792;long | |||
The Convention claims the right to intervene in any country "where people desire to recover their freedom".;;;11.19.1792;long | |||
Discovery in the king's apartment in the Tuileries Palace of the ''[[armoire de fer]]'', an iron strongbox containing Louis XVI's secret correspondence with Mirabeau and with foreign monarchs.;;;11.20.1792;long | |||
The Convention decrees the attachment of [[Nice]] and the [[Savoy]] to France.;;;11.27.1792;long | |||
The French army occupies [[Liège]].;;;11.28.1792;long | |||
[[Robespierre]], leader of the Jacobins and First Deputy for Paris in the Convention, demands that the King be put to death.;;;12.03.1792;long | |||
Deputies sent by Brussels assembly to the National Convention express gratitude of the Belgian people and request that France officially recognise the independence of Belgium. The Convention adopts immediately the proposed decree.;;;12.04.1792;long | |||
At the proposal of [[Jean-Paul Marat]], the Convention rules that each deputy must individually and publicly declare his vote on the death penalty for the King.;;;12.06.1792;long | |||
Opening of the [[trial of Louis XVI]] before the Convention.;;;12.10.1792;long | |||
Louis XVI is brought before the Convention. He appears in person twice, December 11 and 26.;;;12.11.1792;long | |||
Defense of the King presented by his lawyer, [[Raymond Desèze]] (Raymond ''comte de Sèze'').;;;12.26.1792;long | |||
(December 27-28) Motions in the Convention asking that people vote on judgement of the King. The motion is opposed by Robespierre, who declares "Louis must die so that the nation may live." The Convention rejects the motion for French voters to decide the King's fate.;;;12.27.1792;long | |||
The Convention declares Louis XVI guilty of conspiracy against public liberty by a vote of 707 to zero.;;;01.15.1793;long | |||
In a vote lasting twenty-one hours, 361 deputies vote for the death penalty, and 360 against (including 26 for a death penalty followed by a pardon). The Convention rejects a final appeal to the people.;;;01.17.1793;long | |||
Louis XVI is beheaded at 10:22 on [[Place de la Concorde|''Place de la Révolution'']]. The commander of the execution, [[Antoine Joseph Santerre]], orders a drum roll to drown out his final words to the crowd.;;;01.21.1793;long | |||
Louis XVI, at age 38, was beheaded by [[guillotine]] on the [[Place de la Concorde|''Place de la Révolution'']].;;;01.21.1793;long | |||
Breaking of diplomatic relations between England and France.;;;01.24.1793;long | |||
The Convention declares war against England and the [[Dutch Republic]].;;;02.01.1793;long | |||
The Convention annexes the [[Monaco|Principality of Monaco]].;;;02.14.1793;long | |||
[[Jean Nicolas Pache]] is elected the new mayor of Paris.;;;02.14.1793;long | |||
Decree of the Convention annexes Belgium to France.;;;03.01.1793;long | |||
Armed royalist uprising against the Convention begins in [[Brittany]].;;;03.03.1793;long | |||
The Convention declares war against Spain.;;;03.07.1793;long | |||
[[War in the Vendée]]. Armed uprising against the rule of the Convention, particularly against conscription into the army, begins in the [[Vendée]] region of west-central France.;;;03.07.1793;long | |||
[[Revolutionary Tribunal]] established in Paris, with [[Fouquier-Tinville]] as the public prosecutor.;;;03.10.1793;long | |||
Failed uprising in Paris by the ultra-revolutionary faction known as the ''[[enragés]]'', led by the former priest [[Jacques Roux]].;;;03.10.1793;long | |||
The Convention decrees the death penalty for those advocating radical economic programs, a decree aimed at the ''enragés''.;;;03.18.1793;long | |||
The Convention decrees the death penalty for any participant in the uprising in the Vendée.;;;03.19.1793;long | |||
Establishment of Revolutionary Surveillance Committees (''Comités de surveillance révolutionnaire'') in all communes and their sections.;;;03.21.1793;long | |||
General [[Dumouriez]] denounces revolutionary anarchy.;;;03.27.1793;long | |||
The Convention orders Dumouriez to return to Paris, and sends four commissaires and [[Pierre de Ruel, marquis de Beurnonville|Pierre de Ruel]], the Minister of War, to arrest him.;;;03.30.1793;long | |||
Dumouriez arrests the commissaires of the Convention and Minister of War and hands them over to the Austrians,;;;04.01.1793;long | |||
Convention declares Dumouriez outside the law.;;;04.03.1793;long | |||
Arrest of [[Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans|Philippe Égalité]], a deputy and head of the Orléans branch of the royal family, who had voted for the execution of Louis XVI, his cousin.;;;04.03.1793;long | |||
Dumouriez fails to persuade his army to march on Paris, and goes over to the Austrians on April 5.;;;04.04.1793;long | |||
[[Jean Paul Marat]] is elected head of the [[Jacobin]] Club.;;;04.05.1793;long | |||
[[Committee of Public Safety]] established by the Convention to oversee the ministries and to be chief executive body of the government. Its first nine members included [[Bertrand Barère]], [[Pierre Joseph Cambon]] and [[Georges Danton]].;;;04.06.1793;long | |||
First session of the [[Revolutionary Tribunal]].;;;04.06.1793;long | |||
The Convention votes to arrest Marat for using his newspaper ''[[L'Ami du peuple]]'' to incite violence and murder, and demand to suspend the Convention. Marat goes into hiding.;;;04.12.1793;long | |||
The mayor of Paris, Jean Nicolas Pache, demands that the Convention expel 23 deputies belonging to the moderate [[Girondin]] faction.;;;04.15.1793;long | |||
Marat is brought before the Revolutionary Tribunal, and is acquitted of all charges. His release causes riotous celebrations by his supporters.;;;04.24.1793;long | |||
The rebels of the Vendée, led by the aristocrats [[Charles de Bonchamps]] and [[Henri de la Rochejaquelein|Henri de La Rochejaquelein]], capture [[Bressuire]].;;;05.03.1793;long | |||
At the demand of the Paris section of Saint-Antoine, the Convention fixes a maximum price for grain.;;;05.04.1793;long | |||
At the demand of the Girondins, the Convention orders the arrest of the ultra-revolutionary ''enragés'' leaders [[Jacques René Hébert]] and [[Jean Varlet]].;;;05.24.1793;long | |||
The Paris Commune demands the release of Hébert and Varlet.;;;05.25.1793;long | |||
At the Jacobin Club, Robespierre and Marat call for an insurrection against the Convention. The Paris Commune begins preparing a seizure of power.;;;05.26.1793;long | |||
Release of Hébert and Varlet.;;;05.27.1793;long | |||
The leaders of [[Lyon]] [[Revolt of Lyon against the National Convention|rebel]] against the Convention, arresting the local ''Montagnard'' and ''enragés'' leaders.;;;05.30.1793;long | |||
[[Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793]]. An armed crowd of sans-culottes organized by the Commune storms the hall of the Convention and demands that it disband. The deputies resist.;;;05.31.1793;long | |||
The sans-culottes and soldiers of the Paris Commune, led by [[François Hanriot]], occupy the hall of the Convention and force it to vote for the arrest of 29 [[Girondins]] deputies, and two ministers, [[Étienne Clavière|Claviére]] and [[Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance|Lebrun]].;;;06.02.1793;long | |||
Revolts against the Montagnard coup d'état in Marseille, Nîmes, and Toulouse. Bordeaux.;;;06.06.1793;long | |||
Bordeaux rejects the new government.;;;06.07.1793;long | |||
Montagnards gain control of the Committee of Public Safety.;;;06.10.1793;long | |||
Despite the Revolution, scientific research continues. Opening of the [[National Museum of Natural History (France)|National Museum of Natural History]].;;;06.10.1793;long | |||
Leaders of departments opposing the new government meet in [[Caen]]. About sixty departments are in revolt against Montagnard government in Paris.;;;06.13.1793;long | |||
Ratification of new [[French Constitution of 1793|Constitution]] by the National Convention.;;;06.24.1793;long | |||
[[Jacques Roux]], leader of the ultra-revolutionary ''enragés'', presents his program to the Convention.;;;06.25.1793;long | |||
Robespierre and Hébert lead a delegation of Jacobins to the Cordeliers Club to demand the exclusion from the club of Roux and the other ultra-revolutionary leaders.;;;06.30.1793;long | |||
The eight-year-old [[Louis XVII of France|Louis XVII]], king of France in the eyes of the royalists, is taken from [[Marie Antoinette]] and given to a cobbler named [[Antoine Simon]] on orders from the [[National Convention]].;;;07.03.1793;long | |||
Marat violently denounces the ''enragés''.;;;07.04.1793;long | |||
[[Charlotte Corday]] assassinates [[Jean-Paul Marat]] in his bath. At her trial, she declares, "I killed one man to save a hundred thousand.";;;07.13.1793;long | |||
Charlotte Corday is tried and sentenced to death by the Revolutionary Tribunal for murdering Marat. She is guillotined after her trial.;;;07.17.1793;long | |||
Robespierre elected to the Committee of Public Safety.;;;07.27.1793;long | |||
The Convention institutes death penalty for those who hoard scarce goods.;;;07.27.1793;long | |||
The Convention declares a scorched earth policy against all departments rebelling against its authority.;;;08.01.1793;long | |||
The Convention adopts the principles of the [[metric system]].;;;08.01.1793;long | |||
On order by decree of the Convention, a mob profanes the tombs of the Kings of France at the [[Basilica of Saint-Denis]].;;;08.01.1793;long | |||
Marie-Antoinette is transferred from the Temple to the [[Conciergerie]].;;;08.02.1793;long | |||
The Convention sends an army led by [[François Christophe de Kellermann|General Kellermann]] to lay siege to the rebellious city of Lyon.;;;08.08.1793;long | |||
Robespierre is elected the president of the Convention.;;;08.22.1793;long | |||
''[[Levée en masse]]'' voted by the Convention. All able-bodied non-married men between ages 18 and 25 are required to serve in the army.;;;08.23.1793;long | |||
Soldiers of the Convention capture Marseille.;;;08.25.1793;long | |||
Anti-Convention leaders in Toulon invite the British fleet and army to occupy the city.;;;08.27.1793;long | |||
''Sans-culottes'' occupy the Convention and demand the arrest of suspected opponents of the Revolution, and the creation of a new revolutionary army of 60,000 men.;;;09.04.1793;long | |||
Convention adopts a new [[Law of Suspects]], permitting the arrest and rapid trial of anyone suspected of opposing the Revolution. Start of [[Reign of Terror]].;;;09.17.1793;long | |||
Convention re-establishes revolutionary government in Bordeaux. Opponents are arrested and imprisoned.;;;09.18.1793;long | |||
All women are required to wear a ''cocarde tricolor''.;;;09.21.1793;long | |||
The Convention passes the [[General maximum|General Maximum]], fixing the prices of many goods and services, as well as maximum salaries.;;;09.29.1793;long | |||
The Convention orders that Marie-Antoinette be tried by the Revolutionary Tribunal.;;;10.03.1793;long | |||
Additional moderate deputies are accused and excluded from the Assembly\; a total of 136 deputies are excluded.;;;10.03.1793;long | |||
To break with the past and replace traditional religious holidays, the Convention adopts the newly created [[French Republican Calendar|Republican Calendar]]: Year I is declared to have begun on September 22, 1792.;;;10.05.1793;long | |||
Lyon is recaptured by the army of the Convention.;;;10.09.1793;long | |||
A decree by the Convention puts the new Constitution on hold. On a proposal from [[Louis Antoine de Saint-Just|Saint-Just]], the Convention declares that "The government of France is revolutionary until the peace.";;;10.10.1793;long | |||
The Convention decrees that the city of Lyon will be destroyed in punishment for its [[Revolt of Lyon against the National Convention|rebellion]], and renamed ''Ville-Affranchie''.;;;10.12.1793;long | |||
Marie-Antoinette is summoned before the Revolutionary Tribunal and charged with treason.;;;10.12.1793;long | |||
The Army of the Convention defeats the Austrian Army at the [[Battle of Wattignies]].;;;10.16.1793;long | |||
Marie-Antoinette is convicted and guillotined on the [[Place de la Concorde|''Place de la Revolution'']].;;;10.16.1793;long | |||
The Army of the Convention under Generals [[Jean-Baptiste Kléber]] and [[François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers]] defeats the Vendéen rebels at [[Cholet]].;;;10.17.1793;long | |||
The Convention orders the repression of the ultra-revolutionary ''[[enragés]]''.;;;10.20.1793;long | |||
The Convention forbids religious instruction by clerics.;;;10.28.1793;long | |||
The Revolutionary Tribunal sentences the 21 [[Girondins]] deputies to death.;;;10.30.1793;long | |||
The 21 Girondins deputies are guillotined.;;;10.31.1793;long | |||
[[Olympe de Gouges]], champion of rights for women, accused of Girondin sympathies, is guillotined.;;;11.03.1793;long | |||
[[Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans|Philippe Égalité]] is guillotined.;;;11.07.1793;long | |||
[[Madame Roland]] is guillotined in the purge of Girondins. Before her execution, she cries: "Liberty, what crimes are committed in your name!";;;11.08.1793;long | |||
Former finance minister Brienne is arrested at Sens.;;;11.09.1793;long | |||
The [[Notre Dame de Paris|Cathedral of Notre Dame]] is re-dedicated as a [[Temple of Reason]] in to the civic religion of the [[Cult of Reason]].;;;11.10.1793;long | |||
The astronomer and former mayor of Paris, [[Jean Sylvain Bailly]], is executed on the Champ de Mars for his role in suppressing a demonstration there on July 17, 1791.;;;11.12.1793;long | |||
On Robespierre's orders, supporters of Danton are arrested.;;;11.17.1793;long | |||
Danton returns to Paris, after being absent since October 11. He urges "indulgence" toward opponents and "national reconciliation".;;;11.20.1793;long | |||
The Paris Commune orders the closing of all churches and places of worship in Paris.;;;11.23.1793;long | |||
Convention votes to remove Mirabeau's remains from the [[Panthéon]] and replace them with those of Marat.;;;11.25.1793;long | |||
The Cordelier deputy [[Camille Desmoulins]], supporting Danton, publishes an appeal for national reconciliation.;;;12.05.1793;long | |||
Defeat of the rebel Vendéen army at [[Le Mans]].;;;12.12.1793;long | |||
Withdrawal of the British from Toulon, following a successful military operation conceived and led by a young artillery officer, [[Napoleon|Napoléon Bonaparte]].;;;12.19.1793;long | |||
The Army of General [[François Joseph Westermann]] destroys the last the Vendéen army at [[Savenay]]. Six thousand prisoners are executed.;;;12.23.1793;long | |||
To punish the rebellious city of Toulon, the Convention renames it ''Port-la-Montagne''.;;;12.24.1793;long | |||
At the Jacobins, Robespierre denounces [[Fabre d'Églantine]], one of the instigators of the September massacres, father of the Republican calendar, and ally of Danton.;;;01.08.1794;long | |||
Arrest of Fabre d'Églantine for alleged diversion of state funds.;;;01.13.1794;long | |||
Death of [[Henri de la Rochejaquelein]], royalist and military leader of the Vendéens, fighting at [[Nuaillé]].;;;01.29.1794;long | |||
The Convention votes to abolish slavery in French colonies.;;;02.04.1794;long | |||
Robespierre lectures the Convention on the necessity for the Terror: "The foundations of a popular government in a revolution are virtue and terror\; terror without virtue is disastrous\; and virtue without terror is powerless. The Government of the Revolution is the despotism of liberty over tyranny.";;;02.05.1794;long | |||
Napoleon Bonaparte is promoted to general for his role in driving the British from Toulon,;;;02.06.1794;long | |||
Recall of [[Jean-Baptiste Carrier]] from [[Nantes]]. As official delegate of the Convention, he was responsible for the [[drownings at Nantes]] of as many as ten thousand Vendéen prisoners, in barges deliberately sunk in the Loire River.;;;02.06.1794;long | |||
[[Jacques Roux]] commits suicide in prison.;;;02.10.1794;long | |||
In a speech at the Cordeliers Club, [[Jacques Hébert|Hébert]] attacks both the factions of Danton and Robespierre.;;;02.22.1794;long | |||
At the Cordeliers Club, [[Jean-Baptiste Carrier]] calls for an insurrection against the Convention.;;;03.04.1794;long | |||
The Committees of Public Safety and General Security denounce a planned uprising by the Cordeliers.;;;03.11.1794;long | |||
[[Louis Antoine de Saint-Just|Saint-Just]], President of the Convention, denounces a plot against liberty and the French people. Hébert and many other Cordeliers are arrested.;;;03.13.1794;long | |||
Robespierre tells the Convention that "All the factions must perish from the same blow.";;;03.15.1794;long | |||
Arrest of [[Lazare Hoche|General Hoche]], a member of the Cordeliers. He is freed in August after the fall of Robespierre.;;;03.20.1794;long | |||
Trial of the [[Hébertists]] begins. To compromise them, they are tried together with foreign bankers, aristocrats and counter-revolutionaries.;;;03.21.1794;long | |||
Hébert and leaders of the Cordeliers are condemned to death and guillotined.;;;03.24.1794;long | |||
The philosopher and mathematician [[Marquis de Condorcet|Condorcet]] is arrested. He is found dead in his cell two days later.;;;03.27.1794;long | |||
[[Georges Danton|Danton]], [[Camille Desmoulins]] and their supporters arrested.;;;03.30.1794;long | |||
Trial of Danton before the Revolutionary Tribunal. He uses the occasion to ridicule and insult his opponents.;;;04.02.1794;long | |||
The Convention decrees that anyone who insults the justice system is excluded from speaking, barring Danton from defending himself.;;;04.04.1794;long | |||
Danton and Desmoulins are convicted and guillotined the same day.;;;04.05.1794;long | |||
Robespierre makes accusations against the Convention delegate [[Joseph Fouché]] at a meeting of the Jacobins.;;;04.08.1794;long | |||
The members of the alleged Conspiracy of Luxembourg, a diverse collection of followers of Danton and Hébert and other individuals, are put on trial. Seven are acquitted and nineteen are condemned and executed, including [[Lucile Desmoulins]], the widow of Camille Desmoulins, [[Arthur Dillon (1750–1794)|General Arthur Dillon]], who had fought in the [[American Revolutionary War]], [[Pierre Gaspard Chaumette]], [[Marie Marguerite Françoise Hébert|Françoise Hébert]], the widow of Jacques Hébert, and the defrocked [[Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel|Bishop Gobel]].;;;04.10.1794;long | |||
At the request of Robespierre, the Convention orders the transfer of the ashes of [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] to the Panthéon.;;;04.14.1794;long | |||
A report to the Convention by Saint-Just calls from greater centralization of the police under the control of the Committee for Public Safety.;;;04.15.1794;long | |||
By the Treaty of the Hague, between Britain and Prussia, Britain agrees to fund an army of 62,000 Prussian soldiers to continue the war against France.;;;04.19.1794;long | |||
In a report to the Convention, the deputy [[Billaud-Varenne]] delivers a veiled attack against Robespierre: "All people jealous of their liberty should be on guard even against the virtues of those who occupy eminent positions.";;;04.20.1794;long | |||
[[Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes|Malesherbes]] and the deputés [[Isaac René Guy le Chapelier]] and [[Jacques Guillaume Thouret]], four times elected president of the [[Constituent Assembly]], were taken to the scaffold.;;;04.22.1794;long | |||
Robespierre creates a new Bureau of Police attached to the Committee of Public Safety, in opposition to the existing police under the Committee of General Safety.;;;04.23.1794;long | |||
Robespierre asks the Convention to decree "that the French people recognize the existence of a Supreme Being and the immortality of the soul", and to organize celebrations of the new cult.;;;05.07.1794;long | |||
The chemist [[Antoine Lavoisier]], along with twenty-six other former members of the ''[[Ferme générale]]'', is tried and guillotined.;;;05.08.1794;long | |||
Arrest of Jean Nicolas Pache, the former mayor of Paris, followed by his replacement by [[Jean-Baptiste Fleuriot-Lescot]], a close ally of Robespierre.;;;05.10.1794;long | |||
Execution of [[Princess Élisabeth of France|Madame Élisabeth]], the sister of Louis XVI.;;;05.10.1794;long | |||
Naval battle between British and French fleets off [[Ouessant]]. The French lose seven warships, but a convoy carrying grain from the United States is able to dock in [[Brest, France|Brest]].;;;06.02.1794;long | |||
Robespierre is unanimously elected president of the Convention.;;;06.04.1794;long | |||
[[Festival of the Supreme Being]], conducted by Robespierre. Some deputies visibly show annoyance with his behavior at the Festival.;;;06.08.1794;long | |||
[[Law of 22 Prairial]] - As the prisons are full, the Convention speeds up the trials of those accused. Witnesses are no longer required to testify. From June 11 to July 27, 1,376 prisoners are sentenced to death, with no acquittals, compared with 1251 death sentences in the previous fourteen months. The Convention also gives itself the exclusive right to arrest its own members.;;;06.10.1794;long | |||
Without naming names, Robespierre announces to the Convention that he will demand the heads of "intriguers" who are plotting against the Convention.;;;06.12.1794;long | |||
Carnot foresightedly despatched a large part of the Parisian artillery to the front.;;;06.24.1794;long | |||
French forces under [[Jean-Baptiste Jourdan|Jourdan]] defeat the Austrians at the [[Battle of Fleurus (1794)|Battle of Fleurus]].;;;06.26.1794;long | |||
Dispute within the Committee of Public Safety. [[Billaud-Varenne]], [[Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot|Carnot]] and [[Collot d'Herbois]] accuse Robespierre of behaving like a dictator. He leaves the Committee and does not return before July 23.;;;06.29.1794;long | |||
Robespierre speaks at the Jacobin Club, denouncing a conspiracy against him within the Convention, the Committee of Public Safety, and the Committee of General Security.;;;07.01.1794;long | |||
French forces under Generals Jourdan and [[Jean-Charles Pichegru|Pichegru]] capture Brussels from Austrians.;;;07.08.1794;long | |||
Robespierre speaks again at the Jacobin Club, denying he has already made lists, and refusing to name those he plans to arrest.;;;07.09.1794;long | |||
At the request of Robespierre, [[Joseph Fouché]] is expelled from the Jacobin Club.;;;07.14.1794;long | |||
[[Alexandre de Beauharnais]] is tried and executed\; his widow [[Joséphine de Beauharnais]] became Napoleon's mistress, and his wife in 1796.;;;07.23.1794;long | |||
Robespierre attends a meeting of reconciliation with the members of the Committees of Public Safety and General Security, and the dispute seems settled.;;;07.23.1794;long | |||
The poet [[André Chénier]] is among those guillotined.;;;07.25.1794;long | |||
[[Marie Thérèse de Choiseul]], the princes of Monaco is executed. Her execution would be one of the last during the Reign of Terror.;;;07.27.1794;long | |||
Robespierre gives a violent speech at the Convention, demanding, without naming them, the arrest and punishment of "traitors" in the Committees of Public Safety and General Security. The Convention first votes to publish the speech, but Billaud-Varenne and Cambon demand names and attack Robespierre. The Convention sends Robespierre's speech to the Committees for further study, without action.;;;07.26.1794;long | |||
At noon, Saint-Just began his speech in the convention, prepared to blame everything on Billaud, Collot d'Herbois and Carnot. After a few minutes, Tallien interrupted him and began the attack. When the accusations began to pile up the Convention voted the arrest of Robespierre, and of his younger brother [[Augustin Robespierre]], Saint-Just, Couthon and Lebas. [[François Hanriot]] warned the sections that there would be an attempt to murder Robespierre and mobilized 2,400 National Guards in front of the town hall. In the meantime the five were taken to a prison, but refused by the jailors. An administrator of the police took Robespierre the older around 8 p.m. to the [[Paris Police Prefecture|police administration]] on [[Île de la Cité]]\; Robespierre insisted being received in a prison. He hesitated for legal reasons for possibly two hours. At around 10 p.m. the mayor appointed a delegation to go and convince Robespierre to join the Commune movement. Then the Convention declared the five deputies (plus the supporting members) to be outlaws. They expected crowds of supporters to join them during the night, but most left losing time in fruitless deliberation, without supplies or instructions.;;;07.27.1794;long | |||
At two in the morning, soldiers loyal to the Convention take the ''Hôtel de Ville'' without a fight. Robespierre is wounded in the jaw by a gunshot, either from a gendarme or self-inflicted. His brother is badly injured jumping from the window. In the morning, Robespierre and his supporters are taken to the Revolutionary Tribunal for formal identification. Since they have been declared outside the law, no trial is considered necessary. In the evening of July 28, Robespierre and his supporters, including his brother, Saint-Just, Couthon and Hanriot, 22 in all, are guillotined.;;;07.28.1794;long | |||
Arrest and execution of seventy allies of Robespierre within the Paris Commune. In all, 106 Robespierrists are guillotined.;;;07.29.1794;long | |||
Inmates of Paris prisons arrested under the Law of Suspects are released.;;;08.05.1794;long | |||
Napoléon Bonaparte is arrested in Nice, but released on August 20.;;;08.09.1794;long | |||
The Convention reorganizes the government, distributing power among sixteen different committees.;;;08.24.1794;long | |||
First anti-Jacobin demonstration in Paris by disaffected young middle-class Parisians called [[Muscadins]].;;;08.29.1794;long | |||
French army retakes [[Condé-sur-l'Escaut]]. All French territory is now freed of foreign occupation.;;;08.30.1794;long | |||
The Convention puts Paris under the direct control of the national government.;;;08.31.1794;long | |||
The ''[[Musée des monuments français]]'' is founded to protect religious architecture and art threatened with destruction.;;;09.01.1794;long | |||
The [[Henri Grégoire|Abbé Grégoire]], a member of the Convention, coins the term "[[vandalism]]" to describe destruction of religious monuments across France;;;09.13.1794;long | |||
The Convention stops paying officially sanctioned priests and stops maintaining church properties.;;;09.18.1794;long | |||
The remains of Marat are placed in the Panthéon.;;;09.21.1794;long | |||
Confrontations in the meetings of the Paris sections between supporters and opponents of the Terror.;;;10.01.1794;long | |||
Arrest of the leaders of the bands of armed ''sans-culottes'' in Paris.;;;10.03.1794;long | |||
A French army captures [[Cologne]].;;;10.06.1794;long | |||
Foundation of the Central School of Public Works, the future ''[[École Polytechnique]]'';;;10.22.1794;long | |||
''Muscadins'' attack the Jacobin Club. The attack is repeated on November 11.;;;11.09.1794;long | |||
The Convention orders the suspension of meetings of the Jacobin Club.;;;11.12.1794;long | |||
Treaty of London between the United States and England calls for joint suppression of French [[Privateer|corsairs]] and a blockade of French ports.;;;11.19.1794;long | |||
The Convention forms a committee of sixteen members to complete work on the Constitution of 1793.;;;12.03.1794;long | |||
Seventy-three surviving Girondin deputies are given seats again in the Convention.;;;12.08.1794;long | |||
Conviction and execution of the Jacobin [[Jean-Baptiste Carrier|Carrier]] for ordering the mass execution of as many as 10.000 prisoners in the Vendée;;;12.16.1794;long | |||
The Convention repeals the law setting maximum prices for grain and other food products.;;;12.24.1794;long | |||
French army of Pichegru captures [[Amsterdam]].;;;01.19.1795;long | |||
French cavalry [[Capture of the Dutch fleet at Den Helder|capture the Dutch fleet]], trapped in the ice at Den Helder.;;;01.21.1795;long | |||
Confrontations between ''Muscadins'' and ''sans-culottes'' in Paris streets.;;;02.02.1795;long | |||
The semi-official government newspaper ''[[Le Moniteur Universel]]'' condemns the past incitement to violence and terror by Marat and his allies.;;;02.05.1795;long | |||
Removal of the remains of Marat and three other extreme Jacobins from the ''Panthéon''.;;;02.08.1795;long | |||
Several former Jacobin leaders in Lyon, who conducted the Terror there, are assassinated, beginning of the so-called [[First White Terror]].;;;02.14.1795;long | |||
An amnesty granted to former Vendéen rebels, restoring freedom of religion.;;;02.17.1795;long | |||
On a proposal by [[François Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas|Boissy d'Anglas]], the Convention proclaims freedom of religion and the [[separation of church and state]].;;;02.21.1795;long | |||
In the Convention, the deputy [[Stanislas Joseph François Xavier Rovère|Rovère]] demands the punishment of Jacobins who carried out the Terror. Former Jacobin leaders in several cities placed under arrest. Four Jacobins in [[Nîmes]] who conducted the Terror there are assassinated.;;;02.22.1795;long | |||
The Convention orders the arrest of Barère, Villaud-Varenne, Collot d'Herbois and Vadier, the Jacobins who had orchestrated the downfall of Robespierre.;;;03.02.1795;long | |||
In Toulon, arrest of the Jacobins who had carried out mass executions of the population.;;;03.05.1795;long | |||
Riot in Toulon by ''sans-culottes'', who execute seven imprisoned ''émigrés''.;;;03.08.1795;long | |||
Food riots in Paris.;;;03.17.1795;long | |||
Grain supplies in Paris are exhausted. The ''[[assignat]]'' falls to eight percent of its original value.;;;03.19.1795;long | |||
On a proposal by [[Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès|Sieyès]], the Convention votes the death penalty for leaders of movements who try to overthrow the government.;;;03.21.1795;long | |||
Beginning of the trial of [[Fouquier-Tinville]], the head of the Revolutionary Tribunal, who conducted the trials during the Terror.;;;03.28.1795;long | |||
[[Insurrection of 12 Germinal, Year III]]. ''Sans-culottes'' invade Convention, but leave when the National Guard arrives. Paris is declared in a state of siege.;;;04.01.1795;long | |||
The Convention orders the deportation to [[French Guiana]] of Barère, [[Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne|Billaud-Varenne]], and Collot d'Herbois, and the arrest of eight extreme-left deputies.;;;04.01.1795;long | |||
The French army under Pichegru suppresses an armed uprising in the [[Faubourg Saint-Antoine]].;;;04.02.1795;long | |||
Signature of a peace agreement between [[Prussia]] and France in [[Basel]]. Prussia accepts the French annexation of the left bank of the Rhine.;;;04.05.1795;long | |||
Convention orders the disarmament of Jacobins who were involved in the Terror.;;;04.10.1795;long | |||
The Convention restores civic rights to all citizens declared outside the law since May 31, 1793.;;;04.11.1795;long | |||
Assassination of six Jacobins involved in the Terror in [[Bourg-en-Bresse]].;;;04.19.1795;long | |||
The Convention names a commission of eight members to revise the Constitution.;;;04.23.1795;long | |||
Agreement of last Vendéen rebels to lay down their arms in exchange for amnesty.;;;05.02.1795;long | |||
Massacre of twenty-five Jacobins imprisoned in Lyon.;;;05.04.1795;long | |||
The former chief prosecutor, [[Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville|Fouquier-Tinville]], and the fourteen jurors of the Revolutionary Tribunal are condemned to death and guillotined.;;;05.07.1795;long | |||
[[Revolt of 1 Prairial Year III|Armed uprising against the Convention]] by Jacobins and ''sans-culottes''. They invade the hall of the Convention and kill deputy Féraud. The army responds quickly and clears out the hall. The Convention votes the arrest of the Deputies involved in the uprising.;;;05.20.1795;long | |||
New uprising of Jacobins and ''sans-culottes'' in Paris\; they occupy the ''Hôtel de Ville''.;;;05.21.1795;long | |||
Third day of uprising in Paris. The Convention orders the army to occupy the Faubourg Saint-Antoine.;;;05.22.1795;long | |||
The army secures the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, and disarms and arrests the participants in the uprising.;;;05.24.1795;long | |||
The last Jacobin former members of the Committees of Public Safety and General Security are arrested.;;;05.28.1795;long | |||
The Convention abolishes the Revolutionary Tribunal.;;;05.31.1795;long | |||
Death of the 10-year-old [[Louis XVII of France|Louis XVII]] imprisoned in the Temple. His uncle in exile, the ''comte de Provence'', inherits the title as [[Louis XVIII of France|Louis XVIII]], king of France.;;;06.08.1795;long | |||
The Convention decriminalizes the ''émigrés'' who fled France after the Jacobin seizure of power on May 26, 1793.;;;06.10.1795;long | |||
Deputies who supported the May 20–22 uprising are put on trial.;;;06.12.1795;long | |||
Suicide of six deputies condemned to death for participation in the May 20–22 uprising.;;;06.17.1795;long | |||
The rebels of the Vendée, under [[François de Charette|Charette]], resume their rebellion.;;;06.23.1795;long | |||
In support of the [[Chouan]]s, an army of ''émigrés'', under the command of [[Joseph-Geneviève de Puisaye|Joseph de Puisaye]], [[Invasion of France (1795)|landed at Quiberon]].;;;06.23.1795;long | |||
An army of four thousand royalist ''émigrés'' is landed by the British in the Bay of [[Carnac]] in [[Brittany]].;;;06.26.1795;long | |||
The royalist army of ''émigrés'' in Brittany is defeated in front of [[Vannes]] by General Hoche.;;;06.30.1795;long | |||
The Chouans are forced to abandon [[Auray]]. The royalist army retreats to the peninsula of [[Quiberon]], where on July 7 they are besieged by Hoche.;;;06.30.1795;long | |||
Two thousand more royalist ''émigrés'' are landed at Quiberon, where they also are trapped by Hoche.;;;07.15.1795;long | |||
The French [[Army of the Western Pyrenees]] in Spain under [[Bon Adrien Jeannot de Moncey|Moncey]] captures [[Vitoria-Gasteiz]] and takes [[Bilbao]] on July 19.;;;07.17.1795;long | |||
The royalist army in Quiberon surrenders. 748 émigrés are executed by firing squad.;;;07.21.1795;long | |||
The [[Peace of Basel]] is signed between Spain and France. France receives from Spain the western portion of the island of Saint-Dominigue (now the [[Dominican Republic]]). With Spain out of the war, France is at war only with Austria and England.;;;07.22.1795;long | |||
The Convention orders the arrest of [[Joseph Fouché]] and several other ''Montagnard'' deputies.;;;08.09.1795;long | |||
The Convention adopts the [[French Franc|Franc]] as the French monetary unit.;;;08.15.1795;long | |||
[[Constitution of the Year III]] (''Constitution de l'An III''), the new Constitution, is adopted by the Convention. It calls for an upper and lower house of the parliament, on the American and British models, and an executive Directory of five members. According to the terms of the Constitution, two-thirds of the deputies of the new Assembly are former deputies of the Convention.;;;08.22.1795;long | |||
Approved by a national referendum, the new Constitution comes into effect.;;;09.23.1795;long | |||
[[13 Vendémiaire|An armed royalist uprising]] threatens the Convention. On the orders of [[Paul Barras]], in charge of the defense of Paris, [[Napoleon|General Bonaparte]] leads the army against the uprising. He uses cannons with grapeshot to break up a rebel gathering in front of the [[Saint-Roch, Paris|church of Saint-Roch]], ''[[rue Saint-Honoré]]''.;;;10.05.1795;long | |||
Beginning of elections to the new chambers of the legislature, the [[Council of Five Hundred]] and the [[Council of Ancients]].;;;10.12.1795;long | |||
''Montagnard'' army officers dismissed under the Convention are reintegrated into the army.;;;10.12.1795;long | |||
The ''assignat'' falls to just three percent of its nominal value. Twenty billion (20,000,000,000) notes in circulation.;;;10.23.1795;long | |||
Bonaparte is named commander in chief of the [[Army of the Interior]].;;;10.26.1795;long | |||
The first [[French Directory|Directory]] is elected by the legislature\; its members are [[Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux]], [[Jean-François Rewbell]], [[Étienne-François Letourneur]], [[Paul Barras]] and [[Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès]], who declines to serve and is replaced by [[Lazare Carnot]].;;;10.31.1795;long | |||
The legislature votes a forced loan of six hundred million francs to be taken from the wealthiest French citizens.;;;12.10.1795;long | |||
The daughter of Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette, [[Marie Thérèse of France|''Madame Royale'']], imprisoned in the Temple since August 1792, is exchanged for a group of republican prisoners held in Austria.;;;12.26.1795;long | |||
Armistice on the Rhine halting combat between the French and Austrian armies.;;;12.31.1795;long | |||
Creation by the Directory of the Ministry of the Police, under [[Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai|Merlin de Douai]].;;;01.02.1796;long | |||
Commemoration of the anniversary of Louis XVI's execution. Director Rewbell gives a speech denouncing the extremism of the left.;;;01.21.1796;long | |||
The Directory is given the provisional power to name the administrators of cities.;;;01.25.1796;long | |||
The royalist and rebel leader [[Jean-Nicolas Stofflet|Nicolas Stofflet]] tries to restart the [[War in the Vendée]].;;;01.26.1796;long | |||
[[Wolfe Tone]], leader of the Irish revolutionaries, arrives in France, seeking military support to liberate [[Ireland]].;;;02.02.1796;long | |||
The government stops issuing ''assignats'', which have lost most of their value. Thirty-nine billion (39,000,000,000) are in circulation.;;;02.19.1796;long | |||
The United States and Britain extend their treaty of November 19, 1794. Relations between France and the United States deteriorate.;;;02.20.1796;long | |||
The Vendéen rebel and royalist leader Nicolas Stofflet is captured and executed by firing squad in [[Angers]] the following day.;;;02.23.1796;long | |||
On the orders of the Directory, General Bonaparte closes the extreme leftist [[Panthéon Club|''Club du Panthéon'']], founded by a follower of Marat.;;;02.28.1796;long | |||
The Directory names General Bonaparte the commander of the [[Army of Italy (France)|Army of Italy]].;;;03.02.1796;long | |||
Marriage of [[Napoleon|Napoléon Bonaparte]] and [[Joséphine de Beauharnais]], the widow of [[Alexandre de Beauharnais]], a French general and political leader guillotined during the [[Reign of Terror]].;;;03.09.1796;long | |||
The Directory replaces the ''assignat'' with two billion four hundred million [[Mandats territoriaux]], which can be used to purchase nationalized property. Within three weeks they lose eighty percent of their value.;;;03.18.1796;long | |||
François de Charette, last leader of the royalist rebellion in Vendée, is captured and executed by firing squad in [[Nantes]].;;;03.23.1796;long | |||
[[François-Noël Babeuf]], known as "Gracchus Babeuf", the ultra-leftist leader and precursor of [[Communism]], forms an insurrectional committee and movement, called ''Les Égaux'' ("the Equals"), to overthrow the government. They hold a demonstration in Paris on April 6.;;;03.30.1796;long | |||
Bonaparte begins his [[Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars|Italian campaign]] with victories over the Austrians at Montenotte (April 12) and the Sardinians at Millesimo (April 13).;;;04.10.1796;long | |||
Babeuf's followers and the remaining [[The Mountain|Montagnards]] form a common plan to overthrow the Directory.;;;05.02.1796;long | |||
Bonaparte forces an armistice upon the [[Ferdinand, Duke of Parma|Duke of Parma]].;;;05.09.1796;long | |||
Bonaparte defeats the Austrians at the [[Battle of Lodi]].;;;05.10.1796;long | |||
Treaty signed in Paris between the Directory and king [[Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia]]. The king agrees to cede [[Savoy]] and [[Nice]] to France.;;;05.15.1796;long | |||
In [[Milan]], Bonaparte promises "independence" for Italy.;;;05.19.1796;long | |||
The Austrians renounce the armistice along the Rhine, and the [[Rhine Campaign of 1796|war]] resumes on that front.;;;05.20.1796;long | |||
Bonaparte begins the [[Siege of Mantua (1796–97)|siege of Mantua]], the last Italian city held by Austria.;;;06.04.1796;long | |||
Bonaparte signs an armistice with the king of Sicily.;;;06.05.1796;long | |||
Bonaparte's army enters [[Romagna]], one of the [[Papal States]].;;;06.12.1796;long | |||
End of the civil war in the west of France, with the submission of [[Georges Cadoudal]] and the departure of [[Louis de Frotté]] for England.;;;06.22.1796;long | |||
Bonaparte signs the [[Armistice of Bologna]] with the [[Holy See]], which permits the French occupation of the northern Papal States.;;;06.23.1796;long | |||
The Island of [[Elba]] is occupied by the British.;;;07.09.1796;long | |||
A new Austrian army under [[Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser|Wurmser]] arrives in Italy.;;;07.10.1796;long | |||
General [[Jean-Baptiste Kléber|Kléber]] captures [[Frankfurt]].;;;07.16.1796;long | |||
French army under General [[Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr]] captures [[Stuttgart]].;;;07.18.1796;long | |||
General [[Hoche]] is named head of an army to invade Ireland in support of the Irish independence movement.;;;07.20.1796;long | |||
Bonaparte defeats the Austrians under [[Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser|Wurmser]] at the [[Battle of Castiglione]]. The Austrian army retreats to the [[County of Tyrol|Tyrol]].;;;08.05.1796;long | |||
[[Second Treaty of San Ildefonso|Treaty of alliance]] signed between France and Spain at San Ildefonso.;;;08.19.1796;long | |||
Bonaparte defeats the Austrians under Wurmser at the [[Battle of Bassano]].;;;09.08.1796;long | |||
Failed insurrection at the Grenelle army camp Paris by followers of Gracchus Babeuf, and diehard ''Montagnards'', infiltrated by agents of the police.;;;09.09.1796;long | |||
Spain, now allied with France, declares war on Britain.;;;10.05.1796;long | |||
The thirty-two leaders of the September 9–10 Babeuf uprising are tried by a military tribunal and sentenced to death.;;;10.10.1796;long | |||
Bonaparte encourages the proclamation of a [[Cispadane Republic]] in northern Italy, composed of [[Modena]] and some of the Papal states.;;;10.16.1796;long | |||
Austria sends two more armies to northern Italy to confront Bonaparte.;;;11.02.1796;long | |||
(November 15-17) Decisive victory of Bonaparte over the Austrians at the [[Battle of Arcole]].;;;11.15.1796;long | |||
Abrogation of the harshest parts of the October 25, 1795 laws punishing ''émigrés'' and refractory priests.;;;12.04.1796;long | |||
(December 15-17;;;12.15.1796;long | |||
) Departure from [[Brest, France|Brest]] of a fleet carrying a French army commanded by Hoche [[Expédition d'Irlande|to invade Ireland]].;;;12.24.1796;long | |||
(December 24-25) Storms dislocate the [[Expédition d'Irlande|French invasion]] fleet off the coast of Ireland and force it to return to France.;;;01.07.1797;long | |||
A new Austrian army commanded by General [[József Alvinczi]] is sent to fight General Bonaparte in Italy.;;;01.14.1797;long | |||
Bonaparte defeats the Austrians at the [[Battle of Rivoli]].;;;02.02.1797;long | |||
Surrender of last Austrian forces in Italy, in [[Siege of Mantua (1796–97)|Mantua]], to Bonaparte.;;;02.09.1797;long | |||
Bonaparte occupies [[Ancona]] to force [[Pope Pius VI]] to negotiate with him. Negotiations begin February 12.;;;02.14.1797;long | |||
Defeat of the Spanish fleet, ally of the French, at the [[Battle of Cape St Vincent (1797)|Battle of Cape Saint Vincent]].;;;02.19.1797;long | |||
Pius VI cedes [[Comtat Venaissin]] and the northern portion of the Italian papal states to the new [[Cispadane Republic]].;;;02.20.1797;long | |||
Beginning of the trial of Babeuf and his leading followers at the High Court of Justice in [[Vendôme]].;;;03.02.1797;long | |||
The Directory authorizes French warships to capture U.S. ships, in retaliation for the British-US treaty of February 20, 1796;;;02.20.1796;long | |||
Bonaparte begins a new offensive in Italy against the army of the [[Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen]].;;;03.09.1797;long | |||
French voters are required to take an oath of fidelity to the government before voting on April 18.;;;03.18.1797;long | |||
After a series of victories by Bonaparte, the Austrians agree to negotiate.;;;04.07.1797;long | |||
Preliminary [[Treaty of Leoben]]\; Austria gives up its claim to the [[Austrian Netherlands]] ("Belgian Provinces")\; a secret agreement divides the territories of Venice between Austria and France.;;;04.18.1797;long | |||
Results of partial elections for the legislature. 205 of the 216 deputies running are defeated, and many are replaced by royalists.;;;04.18.1797;long | |||
Massacre of anti-French insurgents in [[Verona]] by French army.;;;04.27.1797;long | |||
The Directory ratifies the [[Treaty of Leoben]].;;;04.30.1797;long | |||
Bonaparte declares war on Venice.;;;05.02.1797;long | |||
Revolutionaries overthrow the government council ([[Patrician (post-Roman Europe)|Patriciate]]) of [[Italian city-states|Venice]].;;;05.12.1797;long | |||
Bonaparte begins negotiations with the [[Doge of Venice]], [[Ludovico Manin]].;;;05.16.1797;long | |||
New session of the French legislature begins. The royalist Pichegru is chosen president of the Council of Five Hundred, and another royalist, [[François Barbé-Marbois]] becomes president of the Council of Ancients.;;;05.20.1797;long | |||
A drawing of lots removes the moderate republican [[Étienne-François Letourneur]]. He is replaced by the royalist diplomat [[François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy|François Barthélemy]] on June 6.;;;05.20.1797;long | |||
The political agitator [[François-Noël Babeuf|Babeuf]] and one supporter, [[Augustin Alexandre Darthé|Darthé]], are sentenced to death. They are executed in [[Vendôme]] on May 27.;;;05.26.1797;long | |||
First meeting of the ''Cercle Constitutionnel'', a club of prominent moderate republican deputies. Its leaders include [[Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès|Sieyès]], [[Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord|Talleyrand]], and [[Dominique-Joseph Garat|Garat]].;;;06.04.1797;long | |||
Bonaparte installs a new government in [[Genoa]], with the aim of creating a new [[Ligurian Republic]].;;;06.14.1797;long | |||
The Director Paul Barras contacts General Hoche, seeking support for a ''coup d'état'' against the royalist majority in the two Councils.;;;06.24.1797;long | |||
The royalist majority in the Councils repeals the law of October 25, 1795, which added punishments against refractory priests and ''émigrés''.;;;06.27.1797;long | |||
French troops land on [[Corfu]], previously owned by Venice.;;;06.28.1797;long | |||
General Hoche sends 15,000 soldiers from the Rhine to Brest via Paris, on the pretext of planning an invasion of Ireland.;;;06.28.1797;long | |||
Talleyrand proposes a French expedition against [[Egypt]].;;;07.03.1797;long | |||
The French support the formation of the [[Cisalpine Republic]], composed of the former [[Cispadane Republic]] and [[Lombardy]].;;;07.09.1797;long | |||
Conflict within the Directory between Barthélemy and Carnot, favorable to the monarchists, and the three pro-republican directors, Barras, La Révellière-Lépeaux, and Rewbell.;;;07.16.1797;long | |||
The army of Hoche arrives within three [[League (unit)|leagues]] (see also 1797: [[Units of measurement in France before the French Revolution]]] of Paris, a violation of the Constitution. The royalist Councils protest.;;;07.17.1797;long | |||
Barras produces evidence that General Pichegru was in secret correspondence with [[Louis XVIII of France|Louis XVIII]] and the monarchists. Carnot joins sides with the three republican directors.;;;07.20.1797;long | |||
The Councils vote a law forbidding political clubs, including the republican ''Cercle Constitutionnel''.;;;07.25.1797;long | |||
Bonaparte sends General [[Pierre Augereau|Augereau]] to Paris as military commander of the city, to support a ''coup d'état'' against the royalists.;;;07.27.1797;long | |||
Bonaparte writes to the Directory, proposing a military intervention in Egypt "to truly destroy England".;;;08.16.1797;long | |||
Coup d'état of [[18 Fructidor#18 Fructidor|18 Fructidor]] against the royalists in the legislature. Augereau arrests Barthélemy, Pichegru, and the leading royalist deputies.;;;09.04.1797;long | |||
The Directory forces the Councils to adopt new laws annulling the elections of 200 royalist deputies in 53 departments, and deporting 65 royalist leaders and journalists.;;;09.05.1797;long | |||
Election of two new republican directors, [[Merlin de Douai]] and [[François de Neufchâteau]], to replace Carnot and Barthélemy.;;;09.08.1797;long | |||
General Augereau, who carried out the September 4 coup, is named commander of the new Army of the Rhine.;;;09.23.1797;long | |||
Directory instructs Bonaparte to win major concessions in negotiations with Austria, and, in the event of refusal, to march on [[Vienna]].;;;09.29.1797;long | |||
Signature of peace between Austria and France in the [[Treaty of Campo Formio]]. Austria obtains Venice and its possessions, while France receives Belgium and the right bank of the [[Rhine River]] as far as [[Cologne]].;;;10.17.1797;long | |||
Bonaparte meets with the Irish leader [[Wolfe Tone]] to discuss a future French landing in Ireland.;;;12.21.1797;long | |||
Anti-French riots in Rome, and murder of a French general, [[Mathurin-Léonard Duphot]].;;;12.28.1797;long | |||
Pope Pius VI apologizes to France for the Rome riots\; apologies are rejected by the Directory.;;;12.29.1797;long | |||
The French legislature passes a law authorizing a loan of eighty million francs to prepare an invasion of England.;;;01.05.1798;long | |||
The Directory orders General [[Louis-Alexandre Berthier|Berthier]] and his army to march on Rome to punish the papal government for the murder of General Duphot.;;;01.11.1798;long | |||
Bonaparte presents a plan for an invasion of England to the Directory.;;;01.12.1798;long | |||
The legislature authorizes French ships to seize neutral ships carrying British merchandise.;;;01.18.1798;long | |||
The [[Vaud]] region of Switzerland, with French support, declares independence from the Swiss government in [[Bern]].;;;01.24.1798;long | |||
The Directory authorizes French troops to intervene on behalf of the Swiss uprising in Vaud against the Swiss government.;;;01.26.1798;long | |||
Berthier and his army enter Rome.;;;02.10.1798;long | |||
[[Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord|Talleyrand]] presents to the Directory a project for a French conquest of Egypt.;;;02.14.1798;long | |||
General Berthier, in Rome, proclaims a new [[Roman Republic (18th century)|Roman Republic]], under French protection.;;;02.15.1798;long | |||
Bonaparte recommends to the Directory the abandonment of the invasion of England, and an invasion of Egypt instead.;;;02.23.1798;long | |||
The Directory approves Bonaparte's plan to invade Egypt.;;;03.05.1798;long | |||
The French army captures [[Bern]].;;;03.06.1798;long | |||
The Parliament of German states, meeting in Rastadt, accepts the [[Left Bank of the Rhine|annexation of the left bank of the Rhine by France]].;;;03.09.1798;long | |||
Under the sponsorship of [[Guillaume Brune|General Brune]], an assembly in [[Aarau]] proclaims a [[Helvetic Republic]].;;;03.22.1798;long | |||
Following the French model, the new Helvetic Republic declares itself a secular republic.;;;04.04.1798;long | |||
Elections for one-third of the seats in the French legislature.;;;04.09.1798;04.18.1798 | |||
The ''Traité de Réunion'' formally unites the Republic of Geneva ([[:fr:République de Genève|fr]]) with the French Republic.;;;04.26.1798;long | |||
A report to the Council of Five Hundred declares that the French elections were irregular, and recommends exclusion of candidates of the far left.;;;05.07.1798;long | |||
By the [[Law of 22 Floréal Year VI]], the Council of Ancients and the Council of Five Hundred invalidate the election of 106 Jacobin deputies.;;;05.11.1798;long | |||
[[Jean Baptiste Treilhard]] is elected to the Directory in place of [[François de Neufchâteau]].;;;05.15.1798;long | |||
Bonaparte and his [[Order of battle of the Armée d'Orient (1798)|''Armée d'Orient'']] set sail from Toulon for Egypt.;;;05.19.1798;long | |||
Anti-British uprising begins in Ireland\; the Irish rebels believe that Bonaparte is sailing to Ireland.;;;05.23.1798;long | |||
(June 9-11) Bonaparte invades and captures [[Malta]].;;;06.09.1798;long | |||
(July 1-2) Bonaparte lands in Egypt and captures [[Alexandria]].;;;07.01.1798;long | |||
Irish uprising suppressed by the British army.;;;07.14.1798;long | |||
Bonaparte defeats the [[Mameluk]]s at the [[Battle of the Pyramids]].;;;07.21.1798;long | |||
Bonaparte and his army enter Cairo.;;;07.24.1798;long | |||
[[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Admiral Nelson]] and the British fleet destroy the French fleet at the [[Battle of the Nile]], stranding Bonaparte in Egypt.;;;08.01.1798;long | |||
A French fleet and expeditionary force sails for Ireland to aid the Irish rebels, though the rebellion is already defeated.;;;08.06.1798;long | |||
French troops under [[Jean Joseph Amable Humbert|General Humbert]] land at [[Killala]], in northwest Ireland.;;;08.22.1798;long | |||
General Humbert defeats a British force at the [[Battle of Castlebar]], and declares an Irish republic.;;;08.27.1798;long | |||
Suppression of a royalist revolt in the south of the [[Massif Central]] in France and the arrest of its leaders.;;;09.02.1798;long | |||
The French legislature requires all French men between twenty and twenty-five to perform military service.;;;09.05.1798;long | |||
The forces of General Humbert are surrounded by the British army at the [[Battle of Ballinamuck]] and forced to surrender.;;;09.09.1798;long | |||
A new French expeditionary force sails from Brest to Ireland.;;;09.16.1798;long | |||
The French government [[Conscription|calls 200,000 men for military service]].;;;09.24.1798;long | |||
François de Neufchâteau, Minister of the Interior, creates the first Higher Council on Public Education.;;;10.08.1798;long | |||
French fleet and expeditionary force defeated off coast of Ireland\; six of eight warships captured.;;;10.11.1798;long | |||
Belgian peasants rebel against obligatory service in French army.;;;10.12.1798;long | |||
Population of [[Cairo]] rebels against French occupation. Rebellion suppressed by Bonaparte on October 22.;;;10.21.1798;long | |||
Directory orders deportation of Belgian priests, blamed for peasant uprising.;;;11.04.1798;long | |||
A Russian-Turkish fleet blockades [[Corfu]] occupied by the French army.;;;11.05.1798;long | |||
Austria and England agree to cooperate to force France back to its 1789 boundaries.;;;11.16.1798;long | |||
(November 23-24) Directory, desperate for money, imposes new real estate tax and additional taxes based on number of doors and windows.;;;11.23.1798;long | |||
The army of the [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|King of Naples]] captures Rome.;;;11.27.1798;long | |||
French troops defeat Belgian rebels at [[Hasselt]] and massacre insurgents. End of peasant uprising in Belgium.;;;12.04.1798;long | |||
French army under [[Jean Étienne Championnet]] defeats the army of the King of Naples at Battle of Civita Castellana.;;;12.06.1798;long | |||
French army under Championnet recaptures Rome.;;;12.14.1798;long | |||
French army attacks Naples and forces King of Naples to take sanctuary on the flagship of Admiral Nelson.;;;12.21.1798;long | |||
[[War of the Second Coalition|Alliance]] (Second Coalition) between Russia, Britain and the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily against France signed.;;;12.29.1798;long | |||
The army of [[Jean Étienne Championnet|General Championnet]] captures [[Capua]].;;;01.10.1799;long | |||
French army occupies [[Naples]];;;01.23.1799;long | |||
Proclamation of a new republic in Naples, named ''Parthénopéenne'' by the Directory;;;01.26.1799;long | |||
Victory of General [[Louis Desaix]] over the [[Mameluks]] at [[Aswan]] completes the French conquest of upper Egypt.;;;02.01.1799;long | |||
Conflict between Generals Championnet and [[Guillaume-Charles Faipoult|Faipoult]] over the command of French troops in Naples.;;;02.03.1799;long | |||
Championnet orders the expulsion of Faipoult from Naples.;;;02.06.1799;long | |||
Bonaparte marches his army from Cairo toward [[Syria]].;;;02.20.1799;long | |||
Bonaparte defeats a Turkish army and occupies [[Arish]] in the [[Sinai Peninsula]].;;;02.20.1799;long | |||
The Directory orders the arrest of General Championnet.;;;02.24.1799;long | |||
General [[Jean-Baptiste Jourdan]] assembles the [[Army of the Danube]] and prepares to cross the Rhine and invade German states and Austria.;;;02.24.1799;long | |||
(March 1-2) French armies under Jourdan and [[Charles XIV John of Sweden|Bernadotte]] cross the Rhine.;;;03.01.1799;long | |||
French troops in [[Corfu]] surrender, after a long siege by a Russian-Turkish fleet.;;;03.03.1799;long | |||
Bonaparte captures [[Jaffa]] in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]. Some of his soldiers are infected with the [[Plague (disease)|plague]].;;;03.07.1799;long | |||
Bonaparte visits the hospital for plague victims in Jaffa.;;;03.11.1799;long | |||
The Directory declares war on Austria and on the [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]].;;;03.12.1799;long | |||
Bonaparte lays siege to [[Acre, Israel|Saint-Jean-d'Acre]] in Palestine.;;;03.19.1799;long | |||
French troops enter the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.;;;03.21.1799;long | |||
Army of General [[Massena]] defeated by Austrians at [[Battle of Feldkirch]].;;;03.23.1799;long | |||
Defeat of Jourdan by Austrians at [[Battle of Stockach (1799)|Battle of Stockach]].;;;03.25.1799;long | |||
Bonaparte tries unsuccessfully to capture Saint-Jean-d'Acre.;;;03.28.1799;long | |||
Bonaparte fails again to take Saint-Jean-d'Acre.;;;04.01.1799;long | |||
Jourdan resigns as commander of the Army of the Danube. His army pulls back to the west bank of the [[Rhine]] on April 6.;;;04.03.1799;long | |||
Beginning of legislative elections in France to replace one-third of members.;;;04.09.1799;long | |||
Pope [[Pius VI]], a prisoner of the French, is transferred to France.;;;04.10.1799;long | |||
The Austrian army of [[Michael von Melas|Melas]] and the Russian army of [[Alexander Suvorov]] join in Italy.;;;04.14.1799;long | |||
Bonaparte defeats the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] army led by [[Abdullah Pasha al-Azm]] at the [[Battle of Mount Tabor (1799)|Battle of Mount Tabor]].;;;04.16.1799;long | |||
French elections result in a major loss for supporters of the government, and a victory for the extreme left.;;;04.18.1799;long | |||
Bonaparte fails a third time to capture Saint-Jean-d'Acre.;;;04.24.1799;long | |||
Alexander Suvorov's Russo-Austrian army defeats French forces under [[Jean Victor Marie Moreau|General Moreau]] at the [[Battle of Cassano (1799)|Battle of Cassano]].;;;04.27.1799;long | |||
Suvorov enters [[Milan]].;;;04.29.1799;long | |||
Bonaparte fails for a fourth time to capture Saint-Jean-d'Acre.;;;05.01.1799;long | |||
Fifth and last attempt by Bonaparte to capture Saint-Jean-d'Acre. He lifts the siege on May 17.;;;05.10.1799;long | |||
As the result of the system of drawing lots, Rewbell leaves the Directory and is replaced by Sieyès, who is seen as a moderate leftist.;;;05.16.1799;long | |||
An English fleet lands soldiers at [[Ostend]] in Belgium. The expedition fails, and withdraws the following day.;;;05.19.1799;long | |||
Russo-Austrian army enters [[Turin]].;;;05.26.1799;long | |||
(June 4-6) [[Masséna]] is forced to withdraw his forces from [[First Battle of Zurich|Zürich]].;;;06.04.1799;long | |||
Bonaparte returns to Cairo.;;;06.14.1799;long | |||
A serious struggle begins between the newly elected left-wing members of the Council of Five Hundred and the Directory, due to the string of French military defeats. The legislature demands new measures for "public safety".;;;06.16.1799;long | |||
The Council of Five Hundred and Council of the Ancients annul the election of [[Jean Baptiste Treilhard]] to the Directory and replace him with a leftist member, [[Louis-Jérôme Gohier]].;;;06.17.1799;long | |||
(June 18-19) Two royalist members of the Directory, Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai and La Révellière-Lépeaux, are forced to resign, under threat of being brought to trial by the Councils. They are replaced by two moderate leftists, [[Roger Ducos]], and [[Jean-François-Auguste Moulin]]. ([[Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII]] );;;06.18.1799;long | |||
A French army under [[Jacques MacDonald|Étienne Macdonald]] is defeated by the Russians under Suvorov at the [[Battle of Trebia (1799)|Battle of the Trebia]].;;;06.19.1799;long | |||
Another reversal in Italy: the French garrison of Naples surrenders.;;;06.19.1799;long | |||
The Council votes to demand a forced loan of one hundred million francs from wealthy citizens to equip new armies.;;;06.28.1799;long | |||
Two commanders with neo-Jacobin sympathies are promoted by the Directory 1799 1799: [[Barthélemy Catherine Joubert|Joubert]] is named new commander of the [[Army of Italy (France)|Army of Italy]], and Championnet is chosen to command the [[Army of the Alps]].;;;07.05.1799;long | |||
A neo-Jacobin club, the ''Société des amis de la Liberté et de l'Égalité'' ("Society of the Friends of Liberty and Equality"), is founded in Paris.;;;07.07.1799;long | |||
The Council of Five Hundred votes a new law on hostages, demands lists of royalists be made in each department, and brings accusations against former members of the Directory with royalist tendencies.;;;07.12.1799;long | |||
At a celebration of the anniversary of the Revolution, General Jourdan calls "bringing back the pikes", the weapons of the Jacobin street mobs during the Terror. On the same day, Siéyès gives a speech denouncing the new Jacobins.;;;07.14.1799;long | |||
An [[Military of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman army]] under the command of [[Mustafa Pasha (Egypt)|Seid Mustafa Pasha]], transported to Egypt by Sidney Smith's British fleet, lands at [[Abukir]].;;;07.17.1799;long | |||
Bonaparte defeats Seid Mustafa Pasha's Ottoman army at the [[Battle of Abukir (1799)|Battle of Abukir]].;;;07.25.1799;long | |||
Royalist uprisings in Toulouse and Bordeaux. Both are quickly suppressed by the army.;;;08.06.1799;long | |||
Sieyès orders the closing of the new Jacobin Club in Paris.;;;08.13.1799;long | |||
Defeat of the French Army of Italy under General Joubert at the [[Battle of Novi (1799)|Battle of Novi]]. Joubert is killed.;;;08.15.1799;long | |||
The Council of Five Hundred decides, by a vote of 217–214, not to arrest and try the former members of the Directory accused of royalist sympathies.;;;08.18.1799;long | |||
Bonaparte has had no news from France in six months. The British admiral [[Sidney Smith (Royal Navy officer)|Sir Sidney Smith]] sends him a packet of French newspapers, which he reads in one night. He hands over command of the army to [[Jean-Baptiste Kléber|General Kléber]] and leaves Egypt with a small party aboard the frigate ''La Muiron''.;;;08.23.1799;long | |||
Pope Pius VI dies, a French prisoner, in [[Valence, Drôme|Valence]].;;;08.29.1799;long | |||
Championnet, prominent among the Jacobin generals, is named new commander of the Army of Italy.;;;08.29.1799;long | |||
General Jourdan, leader of the Jacobins in the army, asks the Council of Five Hundred to declare a state of national emergency.;;;09.13.1799;long | |||
Council of Five Hundred refuses to declare a state of national emergency.;;;09.14.1799;long | |||
The Director Sieyès obtains the resignation of [[Charles XIV John of Sweden|Jean Bernadotte]] as Minister of War, on the grounds that Bernadotte was planning a Jacobin coup d'état.;;;09.14.1799;long | |||
The royalist leaders in the west of France, including the Breton Chouan leader [[Georges Cadoudal]], meet to organize a new uprising against Paris.;;;09.15.1799;long | |||
The royalist military commander Louis de Frotté lands in Normandy to take charge of the new uprising.;;;09.24.1799;long | |||
(September 25-26) General Masséna defeats the Russian-Austrian army of [[Alexander Korsakov|Alexander Rimsky-Korsakov]] at the [[Second Battle of Zurich]].;;;09.25.1799;long | |||
The Russian army under Suvorov is forced to retreat across the Alps.;;;09.29.1799;long | |||
A French-Dutch army under General [[Guillaume Brune|Brune]] defeats a Russian-British force at the [[Battle of Castricum]]. The British and Russians withdraw their troops from the Netherlands.;;;10.06.1799;long | |||
Bonaparte lands at [[Saint-Raphaël, Var|Saint-Raphaël]].;;;10.09.1799;long | |||
Sieyès invites General [[Jean Victor Marie Moreau|Moreau]] to organize a coup d'état against the Jacobins in the Councils, but Moreau refuses.;;;10.14.1799;long | |||
Bonaparte arrives in Paris to public celebrations.;;;10.16.1799;long | |||
Bonaparte is received by the Directory.;;;10.17.1799;long | |||
The royalist forces in the west, the Chouans, capture [[Nantes]], but are forced to withdraw the next day.;;;10.19.1799;long | |||
The Russian Czar [[Paul I of Russia|Paul I]] orders the withdrawal of Russian troops from the war against the French.;;;10.23.1799;long | |||
[[Lucien Bonaparte]], younger brother of General Napoléon Bonaparte, is elected President of the Council of Five Hundred.;;;10.23.1799;long | |||
(October 23-29) Royalist forces in Brittany and the Vendée briefly capture several cities, but are quickly driven out by the French army.;;;10.23.1799;long | |||
Bonaparte meets with Sieyès\; the two men dislike each other, but agree to a parliamentary coup d'état to replace the Directory.;;;11.01.1799;long | |||
Bonaparte meets with [[Joseph Fouché|Fouché]], the Minister of Police, who agrees not to interfere with a coup d'état.;;;11.03.1799;long | |||
The Councils of the Ancients and the Five Hundred offer a banquet to Bonaparte at the former [[Church of Saint-Sulpice, Paris|church of Saint Sulpice]].;;;11.06.1799;long | |||
General Jourdan proposes that Bonaparte join him in a Jacobin coup d'état against the Directory. Bonaparte refuses.;;;11.07.1799;long | |||
Bonaparte dines with [[Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès|Cambacérès]] and arranges the final details of the coup d'état.;;;11.08.1799;long | |||
The [[18 Brumaire|coup d'état of 18 Brumaire]] begins. French troops loyal to Bonaparte occupy key points in Paris. Lucien Bonaparte, the president of the Council of Five Hundred, warns the deputies that a "terrorist" plot against the legislature has been discovered, and asks that the meetings of the Councils, scheduled for the next day, be moved for their security to the [[Château de Saint-Cloud|château of Saint-Cloud]], some 10 kilometers west of Paris. Bonaparte is named [[Commander-in-chief]] of the army in Paris.;;;11.09.1799;long | |||
As agreed in advance, two members of the Directory who are complicit in the coup, Sieyès and Ducos, offer their resignation. A third, Barras, is talked into resigning by Talleyrand. The two Jacobin directors, Gohier and [[Jean-François-Auguste Moulin|Moulin]], are arrested by the soldiers of General Moreau and confined at the [[Luxembourg Palace]]. Fouché proposes to arrest the leading Jacobin members of the Council of Five Hundred, but Bonaparte does not feel it is necessary, which proves to be a mistake. By the end of the day, Paris is entirely under the control of Bonaparte and officers loyal to him.;;;11.09.1799;long | |||
As proposed by Bonaparte, the members of the two Councils are transported to the château of Saint-Cloud. 6,000 soldiers have been assembled by Bonaparte there, soldiers who are largely hostile to the Councils because of delays in their pay.;;;11.10.1799;long | |||
Bonaparte speaks first to the Council of the Ancients, explaining the need for a change in government. The upper Council listens in silence and votes without opposition to accept Bonaparte's proposal. Bonaparte then addresses the Council of Five Hundred, meeting in the ''orangerie'' of the domain of Saint-Cloud. Here his reception is much different: the Jacobin members protest angrily, insult and shout down Bonaparte, threatening to declare him outside the law, which would have led to his immediate arrest. While the Council debated in great confusion inside, Lucien Bonaparte takes Bonaparte outside, and tells the waiting soldiers that the deputies had tried to assassinate Bonaparte. The soldiers, furious, invade the meeting hall and chase out the deputies at the point of bayonets. In the absence of the opposition deputies, two parliamentary commissions name Bonaparte, Sieyès and Duclos as the provisional consuls of a new government.;;;11.10.1799;long | |||
(November 11-22) Bonaparte and the two other Provisional Consuls form a new government, [[Louis-Alexandre Berthier|Berthier]] as minister of War, Talleyrand in charge of foreign relations, Fouché as minister of Police, and Cambacérès as minister of Justice.;;;11.11.1799;long | |||
Bonaparte rejects a constitution proposed by Sieyès.;;;12.01.1799;long | |||
The Councils, now firmly under the control of Bonaparte, adopt the [[Constitution of the Year VIII]]. The new [[French Consulate|Consulate]] is formally established, with Bonaparte as First Consul, Cambacérès as Second Consul, and [[Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance|Charles-François Lebrun]] as Third Consul. Traditional histories mark this date as the end of the [[French Revolution]] .;;;12.24.1799;long | |||
[[Category:History Timeline Page]] | [[Category:History Timeline Page]] | ||
Revision as of 13:29, 29 October 2020
Day of the Tiles in Grenoble, first revolt against the king.;;;06.07.1788;long Assembly of Vizille, assembly of the Estates General of Dauphiné.;;;07.21.1788;long The royal treasury is declared empty, and the Parlement of Paris refuses to reform the tax system or loan the Crown more money. To win their support for fiscal reforms, the Minister of Finance, Brienne, sets May 5, 1789 for a meeting of the Estates General, an assembly of the nobility, clergy and commoners (the Third Estate), which has not met since 1614.;;;08.08.1788;long
- August 16 1788: The treasury suspends payments on the debts of the government.;;;08.25.1788;long
Brienne resigns as Minister of Finance, and is replaced by the Swiss banker Jacques Necker, popular with the Third Estate. French bankers and businessmen, who have always held Necker in high regard, agree to loan the state 75 million, on the condition that the Estates General will have full powers to reform the system.;;;12.27.1788;long Over the opposition of the nobles, Necker announces that the representation of the Third Estate will be doubled, and that nobles and clergymen will be eligible to sit with the Third Estate.;;; 01.15.1789;long (January 1789) The Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès publishes his famous pamphlet, "What is the Third Estate?" he writes\; "What is the Third Estate? Everything. What has it been until now in the political order? Nothing. What does it demand to be? Something.";;;01.24.1789;long King Louis XVI convokes elections for delegates to the Estates-General;;;04.27.1789;long Riots in Paris by workers of the Réveillon wallpaper factory in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine. Twenty-five workers were killed in battles with police.;;;05.02.1789;long Presentation to the King of the Deputies of the Estates-General at Versailles. The clergy and nobles are welcomed with formal ceremonies and processions, the Third Estate is not.;;;05.05.1789;long Formal opening of the Estates-General at Versailles.;;;05.06.1789;long The Deputies of the Third Estate refuse to meet separately from the other Estates, occupy the main hall, and invite the clergy and nobility to join them.;;;05.11.1789;long The nobility refuses to meet together with the Third Estate, but the clergy hesitates, and suspends the verification of its deputies.;;;05.20.1789;long The clergy renounces its special tax privileges, and accepts the principle of fiscal equality.;;;05.22.1789;long The nobility renounces its special tax privileges. However, the three estates are unable to agree on a common program.;;;05.25.1789;long The Third Estate deputies from Paris, delayed by election procedures, arrive in Versailles.;;;06.03.1789;long The scientist Jean Sylvain Bailly is chosen the leader of the Third Estate deputies.;;;06.04.1789;long Upon the death of seven-year-old Louis Joseph Xavier François, Dauphin of France, the eldest son and heir of Louis XVI, his four-year-old brother, Louis-Charles, Duke of Normandy, becomes the new Dauphin.;;;06.06.1789;long The deputies of the nobility reject a compromise program proposed by finance minister Jacques Necker.;;;06.10.1789;long At the suggestion of Sieyès, the Third Estate deputies decide to hold their own meeting, and invite the other Estates to join them.;;;06.13.1789;long (June 13-14) Nine deputies from the clergy decide to join the meeting of the Third Estate.;;;06.17.1789;long On the proposal of Sieyés, the deputies of the Third Estate declare themselves the National Assembly. To ensure popular support, they decree that taxes need only be paid while the Assembly is in session.;;;06.19.1789;long By a vote of 149 to 137, the deputies of the clergy join the assembly of the Third Estate.;;;06.20.1789;long On the orders of Louis XVI, the meeting hall of the Third Estate is closed and locked. At the suggestion of Dr. Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, the deputies gather instead in the indoor tennis court, where they swear not to separate until they have given France a new Constitution (the Tennis Court Oath).;;;06.21.1789;long The Royal Council rejects the financial program of Minister Necker.;;;06.22.1789;long The new National Assembly meets in the church of Saint Louis in Versailles. One hundred fifty deputies from the clergy attend, along with two deputies from the nobility.;;;06.23.1789;long Louis XVI personally addresses the Estates-General (a Séance royale), where he invalidates the decisions of the National Assembly and instructs the three estates to continue to meet separately. The king departs followed by the Second- and most of the First-Estate deputies, but the Third-Estate deputies remain in the hall. When the king's master of ceremonies reminds them that Louis has invalidated their decrees, the Comte de Mirabeau, Third-Estate deputy from Aix, boldly shouts that "we are assembled here by the will of the people" and that they would "leave only at the point of a bayonet".;;;06.25.1789;long 48 nobles, headed by Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, join the Assembly.;;;06.27.1789;long Louis XVI reverses course, instructs the nobility and clergy to meet with the other estates, and recognizes the new Assembly. At the same time, he orders reliable military units, largely composed of Swiss and German mercenaries, to Paris.;;;06.30.1789;long A crowd invades the prison of the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés and liberates soldiers who had been imprisoned for attending meetings of political clubs.;;;07.06.1789;long The National Assembly forms a committee of thirty members to write a new Constitution.;;;07.08.1789;long As tensions mount, the Comte de Mirabeau, Third-Estate deputy from Aix, demands that the Gardes Françaises of the military household of the king of France be moved out of Paris, and that a new civil guard be created within the city.;;;07.09.1789;long The National Assembly reconstitutes itself as the National Constituent Assembly.;;;07.11.1789;long Louis XVI abruptly dismisses Necker. Parisians respond by burning the unpopular customs barriers, and invading and looting the monastery of the Lazaristes. Skirmishes between the cavalrymen of the Régiment de Royal-Allemand of the King's Guard and the angry crowd outside the Tuileries Palace. The Gardes Françaises largely take the side of the crowd.;;;07.13.1789;long The National Assembly declares itself in permanent session. At the Hôtel de Ville, city leaders begin to form a governing committee and an armed militia.;;;07.14.1789;long Storming of the Bastille. A large armed crowd besieges the Bastille, which holds only seven prisoners but has a large supply of gunpowder, which the crowd wants. After several hours of resistance, the governor of the fortress de Launay, finally surrenders\; as he exits, he is killed by the crowd. The crowd also kills de Flesselles, the provost of the Paris merchants.;;;07.15.1789;long The astronomer and mathematician Jean Sylvain Bailly is named mayor of Paris, and Lafayette is appointed Commander of the newly formed National Guard.;;;07.16.1789;long The King reinstates Necker as finance minister and withdraws royal troops from the center of the city. The new elected Paris assembly votes the destruction of the Bastille fortress. Similar committees and local militias are formed in Lyon, Rennes, and in other large French cities.;;;07.17.1789;long The King visits Paris, where he is welcomed at the Hôtel de Ville by Bailly and Lafayette, and wears the tricolor cockade. Sensing what is ahead, several prominent members of the nobility, including the Count of Artois, the Prince de Condé, the Duke of Enghien, the Baron de Breteuil, the Duke of Broglie, the Duke of Polignac and his wife become the first of a wave of émigrés to leave France.;;;07.18.1789;long Camille Desmoulins begins publication of 'La France libre', demanding a much more radical revolution and calling for a republic arguing that revolutionary violence is justified.;;;07.22.1789;long An armed mob on the Place de Grève massacres Berthier de Sauvigny, Intendant of Paris, and his father-in-law, accused of speculating in grain.;;;07.21.1789;08.01.1789 Riots and peasant revolts in Strasbourg (July 21), Le Mans (July 23), Colmar, Alsace, and Hainaut (July 25).;;;07.28.1789;long Jacques Pierre Brissot begins publication of Le Patriote français, an influential newspaper of the revolutionary movement known as the Girondins.;;;08.04.1789;long The King appoints a government of reformist ministers around Necker. The Assembly votes to abolish the privileges and feudal rights of the nobility.;;;08.07.1789;long Publication of "A plot uncovered to lull the people to sleep" by Jean-Paul Marat, denouncing the reforms of August 4 as insufficient and demanding a much more radical revolution. Marat quickly becomes the voice of the most turbulent sans-culottes faction of the Revolution.;;;08.23.1789;long The Assembly proclaims freedom of religious opinions.;;;08.24.1789;long The Assembly proclaims freedom of speech.;;;08.27.1789;long The Assembly adopts the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, drafted largely by Lafayette.;;;08.27.1789;long The Assembly debates giving the King the power to veto legislation.;;;08.28.1789;long Camille Desmoulins organizes an uprising at the Palais-Royal to block the proposed veto for the King and to force the King to return to Paris. The uprising fails.;;;08.30.1789;long The Constitution Committee of the Assembly proposes a two-house parliament and a royal right of veto.;;;08.31.1789;long The Mayor of Troyes is assassinated by a mob.;;;09.09.1789;long The National Assembly gives the King the power to temporarily veto laws for two legislative sessions.;;;09.11.1789;long Desmoulins publishes Discours de la lanterne aux Parisiens, a radical pamphlet justifying political violence and exalting the Parisian mob.;;;09.15.1789;long First issue of Jean Paul Marat's newspaper, L'Ami du peuple, proposing a radical social and political revolution.;;;09.16.1789;long Election of a new municipal assembly in Paris, with three hundred members elected by districts.;;;09.19.1789;long At the banquet des Gardes du Corps du Roi in Versailles, which Louis XVI, Marie-Antoinette and the Dauphin attended at dessert time, the King's guards put on the white royal cocarde. The false news quickly reaches Paris that the guards had trampled on the tricolor and causes outrage.;;;10.01.1789;long Marat's newspaper demands a march on Versailles to protest the insult to the cocarde tricolor. Thousands of women take part in the march, joined in the evening by the Paris national guard led by Lafayette.;;;10.05.1789;long After an orderly march, a crowd of women invade the Palace. The women demand that the King and his family accompany them back to Paris, and the King agrees. The National Assembly also decides to relocate to Paris.;;;10.06.1789;long The Assembly names Lafayette commander of the regular army in and around Paris. The Assembly also modifies the royal title from "King of France and Navarre" to "King of the French". Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, a doctor, member of the Assembly, proposes a new and more humane form of public execution, which eventually is named after him, the guillotine.;;;10.10.1789;long Louis XVI secretly writes to king Charles IV of Spain, complaining of mistreatment. The Count of Artois secretly writes to Joseph II of Austria requesting a military intervention in France.;;;10.12.1789;long The National Assembly holds its first meeting in Paris, in the chapel of the archbishop's residence next to Notre Dame Cathedral.;;;10.19.1789;long The Assembly declares a state of martial law to prevent future uprisings.;;;10.21.1789;long The Assembly votes to place property of the Church at the disposition of the Nation.;;;11.02.1789;long The Assembly moves to the Salle du Manège, the former riding school near the Tuileries Palace.;;;11.09.1789;long First issue of Desmoulins' weekly Histoire des Révolutions de France et de Brabant, savagely attacking royalists and aristocrats.;;;11.28.1789;long (November) the Breton Club is reconstituted in Paris at the Saint-Honore monastery of Doninicans, who were more popularly known as Jacobins, under the name Society of Friends of the Constitution;;;11.15.1789;long Revolt by the sailors of the French Navy in Toulon, who arrest Admiral d'Albert.;;;12.01.1789;long The Assembly decides to divide France into departments, in place of the former provinces of France.;;;12.09.1789;long Introduction of the assignat, a form of currency based not on silver, but on the value of the property of the Church confiscated by the State.;;;12.19.1789;long The Assembly decrees that Protestants are eligible to hold public office\; Jews are still excluded.;;;12.24.1789;long Riot in Versailles demanding lower bread prices.;;;01.07.1790;long Marat publishes a fierce attack on finance minister Necker.;;;01.18.1790;long Paris municipal police try to arrest Marat for his violent attacks on the government, but he is defended by a crowd of sans-culottes and escapes to London.;;;01.22.1790;long The Assembly forbids the taking of religious vows and suppresses the contemplative religious orders.;;;02.13.1790;long The Assembly requires curés (parish priests) in churches across France to read aloud the decrees of the Assembly.;;;02.23.1790;long The Assembly abolishes the requirement that army officers be members of the nobility.;;;02.28.1790;long The Assembly decides to continue the institution of slavery in French colonies, but permits the establishment of colonial assemblies.;;;03.08.1790;long The Assembly approves the sale of the property of the church by municipalities;;;03.12.1790;long Pope Pius VI condemns the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in a secret consistory.;;;03.29.1790;long A series of pro-catholic and anti-revolutionary riots in the French provinces\; in Vannes (April 5), Nîmes (April 6), Toulouse (April 18), Toulon (May 3), and Avignon (June 10) protesting measures taken against the church.;;;04.05.1790;06.10.1790 Foundation of the Cordeliers club, which meets in the former convent of that name. It becomes one of most vocal proponents of radical change.;;;04.17.1790;long Riots in Marseille. Three forts are captured, and the commander of Fort Saint-Jean, the Chevalier de Beausset, is assassinated.;;;04.30.1790;long Lafayette and Jean Sylvain Bailly institute the Society of 1789.;;;05.12.1790;long Law passed that allows for the redemption of manorial dues.;;;05.15.1790;long Marat returns to Paris and resumes publication of L'Ami du people.;;;05.18.1790;long The Assembly decides that it alone can decide issues of war and peace, but that the war cannot be declared without the proposition and sanction by the King.;;;05.22.1790;long Lyon celebrates the Revolution with a Fête de la Fédération. Lille holds a similar event on June 6. Strasbourg on June 13, Rouen on June 19.;;;05.30.1790;long Uprising of biracial residents of the French colony of Martinique.;;;06.03.1790;long The Assembly abolishes the titles, orders, and other privileges of the hereditary nobility.;;;06.19.1790;long Avignon, then under the rule of the Pope, asks to be joined to France. The Assembly, wishing to avoid a confrontation with Pope Pius VI, delays a decision.;;;06.26.1790;long Diplomats of England, Austria, Prussia and the United Provinces meet at Reichenbach to discuss possible military intervention against the French Revolution.;;;06.26.1790;long The Assembly adopts the final text on the status of the French clergy. Clergymen lose their special status, and are required to take an oath of allegiance to the government.;;;07.12.1790;long The Fête de la Fédération is held on the Champ de Mars in Paris to celebrate the first anniversary of the Revolution. The event is attended by the king and queen, the National Assembly, the government, and a huge crowd. Lafayette takes a civic oath vowing to "be ever faithful to the nation, to the law, and to the king\; to support with our utmost power the constitution decreed by the National Assembly, and accepted by the king." This oath is taken by his troops, as well as the king. The Fête de la Fédération is the last event to unite all the different factions in Paris during the Revolution.;;;07.14.1790;long The Pope writes a secret letter to Louis XVI, promising to condemn the Assembly's abolition of the special status of the French clergy.;;;07.23.1790;long Marat publishes a demand for the immediate execution of five to six hundred aristocrats to save the Revolution.;;;07.26.1790;long The Assembly refuses to allow Austrian troops to cross French territory to suppress an uprising in Belgium, inspired by the French Revolution.;;;07.28.1790;long The Assembly decides to take legal action against Marat and Camille Desmoulins because of their calls for revolutionary violence.;;;07.31.1790;long The Assembly establishes positions of justices of the peace around the country to replace the traditional courts held by the local nobles.;;;08.16.1790;long The Assembly calls for the re-establishment of discipline in the army.;;;08.16.1790;long Battles in Nancy between rebellious soldiers of the army and the national guard units of the city, who support Lafayette and the Assembly.;;;08.31.1790;long Necker, the finance minister, is dismissed. The National Assembly takes charge of the public treasury.;;;09.04.1790;long Mutiny of sailors of the French fleet at Brest.;;;09.16.1790;long Louis XVI writes his cousin, Charles IV of Spain, to express his hostility to the new status of the French clergy.;;;10.06.1790;long The Assembly dissolves the local assembly of Saint-Dominque (now Haiti) and again reaffirms the institution of slavery.;;;10.12.1790;long The Assembly decrees that the tricolor will replace the white flag and fleur-de-lys of the French monarchy as emblem of France.;;;10.21.1790;long Insurrection in the French colony of Isle de France (now Mauritius).;;;11.04.1790;long Uprising of black slaves in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti).;;;11.25.1790;long The Assembly decrees that all members of the clergy must take an oath to the Nation, the Law and the King. A large majority of French clergymen refuse to take the oath.;;;11.27.1790;long Louis XVI writes to King Frederick William II of Prussia asking for a military intervention by European monarchs to restore his authority.;;;12.03.1790;long Thirty-nine deputies of the Assembly, who are also clergymen, take an oath of allegiance to the government. However, a majority of clergymen serving in the Assembly refuse to take the oath.;;;12.27.1790;long Mirabeau elected President of the Assembly;;;01.01.1791;long Priests are ordered to take an oath to the Nation within twenty-four hours. A majority of clerical members of the Assembly refuse to take the oath.;;;01.03.1791;long Mesdames, the daughters of Louis XV and aunts of Louis XVI, depart France for exile.;;;02.19.1791;long Constitutional bishops, who have taken an oath to the State, replace the former Church hierarchy.;;;02.24.1791;long Day of Daggers. Lafayette orders the arrest of 400 armed aristocrats who have gathered at the Tuileries Palace to protect the royal family. They are freed on March 13.;;;02.28.1791;long Abolition of the traditional trade guilds.;;;03.02.1791;long The Assembly orders that the silver objects owned by the Church be melted down and sold to fund the government.;;;03.03.1791;long Pope Pius VI condemns the Civil Constitution of the Clergy;;;03.10.1791;long Diplomatic relations broken between France and the Vatican.;;;03.25.1791;long Death of Mirabeau.;;;04.02.1791;long The Assembly proposes transforming the new church of Sainte Geneviève, not yet consecrated, into the Panthéon. a mausoleum for illustrious citizens of France. On May 4, the remains of Mirabeau are the first to be placed in the new Panthéon.;;;04.03.1791;long Encyclical of Pope Pius VI condemns the Civil Constitution of the Clergy.;;;04.13.1791;long The National Guard, despite orders from Lafayette, blocks the royal family from going to the Château de Saint-Cloud to celebrate Easter.;;;04.18.1791;long On a proposal of Robespierre, the Assembly votes to forbid members of the current Assembly to become candidates for the next Assembly.;;;05.16.1791;long The Assembly orders the transfers of the ashes of Voltaire to the Panthéon.;;;05.30.1791;long The Chapelier Law is passed by the Assembly, abolishing corporations and forbidding labor unions and strikes.;;;06.14.1791;long The Assembly forbids priests to wear ecclesiastical robes outside churches.;;;06.15.1791;long (June 20-21) The Flight to Varennes. In the night of 20–21 June, the King, the Queen and their children slip out of the Tuileries Palace and flee by carriage in the direction of Montmédy.;;;06.20.1791;long The King is recognized at Varennes. The Assembly announces that he was taken against his will, and sends three commissioners to bring him back to Paris.;;;06.21.1791;long Louis XVI returns to Paris. The Assembly suspends his functions until further notice.;;;06.25.1791;long Emperor Leopold II issues the Padua Circular calling on the royal houses of Europe to come to the aid of Louis XVI, his brother-in-law.;;;07.05.1791;long The Assembly decrees that émigrés must return to France within two months, or forfeit their property.;;;07.09.1791;long The ashes of Voltaire are transferred to the Panthéon.;;;07.11.1791;long National Assembly declares the king inviolable, and cannot be put on trial. Louis XVI suspended from his duties until the ratification of a new Constitution.;;;07.15.1791;long The more moderate members of the Jacobins club break away to form a new club, the Feuillants.;;;07.16.1791;long A demonstration sponsored by the Jacobins, Cordeliers and their allies carries a petition demanding the removal of the King to the Champ de Mars. The city government raises the red flag, the sign of martial law, and forbids the demonstration. The National Guard fires on the crowd, and some fifty persons are killed.;;;07.17.1791;long Following the events in the Champ de Mars, the Assembly forbids incitement to riot, urging citizens to disobey the law, and seditious publications, aimed at the Jacobins and Cordeliers. Marat goes into hiding and Danton flees to England.;;;07.18.1791;long Slave uprising begins in Saint Domingue (Haiti);;;08.14.1791;long Declaration of Pillnitz - A proclamation by Frederick William II of Prussia and Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II, affirms their wish to "put the King of France in a state to strengthen the bases of monarchic government." This vague statement is taken in France as a direct threat by the other European powers to intervene in the Revolution.;;;08.27.1791;long (September 13-14) Louis XVI formally accepts the new Constitution.;;;09.13.1791;long The Assembly declares that all men living in France, regardless of color, are free, but preserves slavery in French colonies. French Jews are granted citizenship.;;;09.27.1791;long The Assembly limits membership in the National Guard to citizens who pay a certain level of taxes, thus excluding the working class.;;;09.29.1791;long Last day of the National Constituent Assembly. Assembly grants amnesty to all those punished for illegal political activity since 1788.;;;09.30.1791;long First session of the new national Legislative Assembly. Claude Pastoret, a monarchist, is elected President of the assembly.;;;10.01.1791;long Riots against the revolutionary commune, or city government, in Avignon. After an official of the commune is killed, anti-government prisoners kept in the basements of the Papal Palace are massacred.;;;10.16.1791;long Émigrés are again ordered to return to France before January 1, 1792, under penalty of losing their property and a sentence of death. King Louis XVI vetoes the declaration on November 11, but asks his brothers to return to France.;;;11.09.1791;long Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve is elected mayor of Paris, with 6,728 votes against 3,126 for Lafayette. Out of 80,000 eligible voters, 70,000 abstain.;;;11.14.1791;long The Legislative Assembly creates a Committee of Surveillance to oversee the government.;;;11.25.1791;long Priests are again ordered to take an oath to the government, or to be considered suspects.;;;11.29.1791;long The King writes a secret letter to Frederick William II of Prussia, urging him to intervene militarily in France "to prevent the evil which is happening here before it overtakes the other states of Europe.;;;12.03.1791;long Louis XVI's brothers, (the counts of Provence and Artois) refuse to return to France, citing "the moral and physical captivity in which the King is being held.";;;12.03.1791;long Lafayette receives command of one of the three new armies established to defend the French borders, the Army of the Centre, based at Metz. The other two armies are commanded by Rochambeau (Army of the North) and Nicolas Luckner (Army of the Rhine).;;;12.14.1791;long The Assembly votes to summon a mass army of volunteers to defend the borders of France;;;12.28.1791;long The slave uprising in Haiti causes severe shortages of sugar and coffee in Paris. Riots against food shortages\; many food shops are looted.January–March: Food riots in Paris;;;01.23.1792;long French citizens are required to have a passport to travel in the interior of the country.;;;02.01.1792;long Austria and Prussia sign in Berlin a military convention to invade France and defend the monarchy.;;;02.07.1792;long The Assembly decrees the confiscation of the property of émigrés, for the benefit of the Nation.;;;02.09.1792;long Confrontation between the army and crowds in Béthune over the allocation of grain.;;;02.23.1792;long The Duke of Brunswick is named to command a joint Austrian-Prussian invasion of France.;;;03.07.1792;long The Assembly granted equal rights to free people of color in Haiti.<\;ref name="Ghachem, Malick W 2012">\;Ghachem, Malick W. The Old Regime and the Haitian Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.<\;/ref>\;;;;April 4 1792; The Assembly closes the Sorbonne, a center of conservative theology.;;;04.05.1792;long The Assembly declares war on the King of Bohemia and Hungary, i.e. to the Holy Roman Empire.;;;04.20.1792;long La Marseillaise composed by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle, is sung for the first time in Strasbourg.;;;04.25.1792;long The war begins. The army of Rochambeau invades the Austrian Netherlands.;;;04.28.1792;long The government issues three hundred million assignats to finance the war.;;;04.30.1792;long The Assembly orders the raising of thirty-one new battalions for the army.;;;05.05.1792;long The Royal-Allemand regiment (Régiment de Royal-Allemand cavalerie), composed of German mercenaries, deserts the French army and joins the Austrian-Prussian coalition.;;;05.06.1792;long The Hussar regiments of Saxe and Bercheny desert the French Army and join the coalition.;;;05.12.1792;long The Assembly orders the deportation of priests who have not signed the oath to the government, known as the Civil Constitution of the Clergy.;;;05.27.1792;long The Assembly orders the raising of an army of twenty thousand volunteers to be camped outside Paris.;;;06.08.1792;long Louis XVI vetoes the laws on the deportation of priests and the formation of a new army outside Paris.;;;06.11.1792;long A secret insurrectionary committee, supported by the Paris Commune and led by the prosecutors Louis Pierre Manuel and Georges Danton, is formed.;;;06.20.1792;long Demonstrators invade the Tuileries Palace and king Louis XVI condescends to wear a red liberty cap and drink to the health of the Nation.;;;06.20.1792;long The Assembly bans gatherings of armed citizens within the city limits.;;;06.21.1792;long Lafayette speaks to the Assembly, denouncing the actions of the Jacobins and other radical groups in the Assembly. His proposal to organize a review of the National guard in Paris is annulled by Pétion, mayor of Paris.;;;06.28.1792;long Lafayette leaves Paris and returns to his army. He is denounced by Robespierre and his effigy is burned by a mob at the Palais-Royal.;;;06.30.1792;long As the Austrian army advances slowly toward Paris, the Assembly declares that the Nation is in danger (La patrie en danger).;;;07.11.1792;long The Assembly votes to send regular army units, whose officers largely support Lafayette, far outside the city.;;;07.15.1792;long Members of the Cordeliers club, led by Danton, demand the convocation of a Convention to replace the Legislative Assembly.;;;07.15.1792;long The Assembly authorizes the Paris sections, local assemblies in each neighborhood, many controlled by the Jacobins and Cordeliers, to meet in permanent sessions.;;;07.25.1792;long Brunswick Manifesto - The Austrian commander warns that should the royal family be harmed, an "exemplary and eternally memorable revenge" will follow.;;;07.25.1792;long The Brunswick Manifesto is widely circulated in Paris, causing fury against the King.;;;07.28.1792;long Decree by the Assembly allows working-class citizens (those who pay no taxes) to join the National Guard.;;;07.30.1792;long Arrival in Paris of volunteer fédérés from Marseille. They sing the new war hymn, of the Army of the Rhine, which gradually takes their name, La Marseillaise. Fights break out between the new volunteers and soldiers of the National Guard loyal to Lafayette.;;;07.30.1792;long 47 of the 48 sections of Paris, mostly controlled by the Cordeliers and the Jacobins, send petitions to the Assembly, demanding the removal of the King. They are presented by Pétion, the mayor of Paris.;;;08.03.1792;long The Paris section Number Eighty proclaims an insurrection on August 10 if the Assembly does not remove the King. At the request of the royal household, the Swiss guards at the Tuileries are reinforced, and joined by many armed nobles.;;;08.04.1792;long Georges Danton, a deputy city prosecutor, and his Cordeliers allies take over the Paris city government and establish the Revolutionary Paris commune. They take possession of the Hôtel de Ville. They increase the number of Commune deputies to 288. The Assembly recognizes them as the legal government of Paris on August 10.;;;08.09.1792;long Storming of the Tuileries Palace. The National Guard of the insurrectional Paris Commune and revolutionary fédérés from Marseille and Brittany attack the Tuileries Palace. The King and his family take refuge in the Legislative Assembly. The Swiss Guards defending the Palace are massacred. The Legislative Assembly provisionally suspends the authority of the King, and orders the election of a new government, the Convention.;;;08.10.1792;long The Assembly elects a new Executive Committee to replace the government. Danton is named Minister of Justice. The municipalities are authorized to arrest suspected enemies of the Revolution, and royalist newspapers and publications are banned.;;;08.11.1792;long Royal family imprisoned in the Temple.;;;08.13.1792;long Lafayette tries unsuccessfully to persuade his army to march on Paris to rescue the royal family.;;;08.14.1792;long At the demand of Robespierre and the Commune of Paris, who threatens an armed uprising if the Assembly does not comply, the Assembly votes the creation of a Revolutionary Tribunal, the members of which are selected by the Commune, and the summoning of a National Convention to replace the Assembly.;;;08.17.1792;long The Assembly abolishes the religious teaching orders and those running hospitals, the last remaining religious orders in France.;;;08.18.1792;long Lafayette leaves his army and goes into exile. The Coalition army of Austrian and Prussian soldiers, and of French émigrés, led by the Duke of Brunswick crosses the northern and eastern borders into France.;;;08.19.1792;long First summary judgement by the Revolutionary Tribunal and execution by the guillotine of a royalist, Louis Collenot d'Angremont (fr).;;;08.21.1792;long The Paris Commune orders that persons henceforth be addressed as Citoyen and Citoyenne ("Citizen") rather than Monsieur or Madame.;;;08.22.1792;long Royalist riots in Brittany, Vendée and Dauphiné.;;;08.22.1792;long Capitulation without a fight of Verdun to Brunswick's troops.;;;09.02.1792;long (September 2-7) Following the news of surrender of Verdun, the Commune orders massacres of prisoners in Paris prisons. Between 1400 and 2000 prisoners are massacred, the great majority were common criminals, 17 percent were priests, 6 percent Swiss guards, and 5 percent political prisoners.;;;09.02.1792;long The government requisitions all church objects made of gold or silver.;;;09.10.1792;long Creation of the Louvre Museum displaying art taken from royal collections.;;;09.19.1792;long Last session of Assembly votes a new law permitting civil marriage and divorce.;;;09.20.1792;long The French army under Generals Dumouriez and Kellermann defeat the Prussians at the Battle of Valmy. The Prussians retreat.;;;09.20.1792;long The newly elected National Convention holds its first session behind closed doors, in the Salle du Manège, the former riding school of the Tuileries Palace, and elects its Bureau. Of the 749 deputies, 113 are Jacobins, who take their seats in the highest benches in the hall, the Montagne (Mountain), thus their nickname of Montagnards, the "Mountaineers".;;;09.20.1792;long The Convention proclaims the abolition of royalty and the First French Republic.;;;09.22.1792;long French troops occupy Nice, then part of Savoy.;;;09.29.1792;long French troops occupy Basel in Switzerland, then ruled by Archbishop of Basel, and proclaim it an independent Republic.;;;10.03.1792;long French troops occupy Frankfurt am Main.;;;10.23.1792;long The French army under Dumouriez invades the Austrian Netherlands (Belgium). They occupy Brussels on November 14.;;;10.27.1792;long The Convention claims the right to intervene in any country "where people desire to recover their freedom".;;;11.19.1792;long Discovery in the king's apartment in the Tuileries Palace of the armoire de fer, an iron strongbox containing Louis XVI's secret correspondence with Mirabeau and with foreign monarchs.;;;11.20.1792;long The Convention decrees the attachment of Nice and the Savoy to France.;;;11.27.1792;long The French army occupies Liège.;;;11.28.1792;long Robespierre, leader of the Jacobins and First Deputy for Paris in the Convention, demands that the King be put to death.;;;12.03.1792;long Deputies sent by Brussels assembly to the National Convention express gratitude of the Belgian people and request that France officially recognise the independence of Belgium. The Convention adopts immediately the proposed decree.;;;12.04.1792;long At the proposal of Jean-Paul Marat, the Convention rules that each deputy must individually and publicly declare his vote on the death penalty for the King.;;;12.06.1792;long Opening of the trial of Louis XVI before the Convention.;;;12.10.1792;long Louis XVI is brought before the Convention. He appears in person twice, December 11 and 26.;;;12.11.1792;long Defense of the King presented by his lawyer, Raymond Desèze (Raymond comte de Sèze).;;;12.26.1792;long (December 27-28) Motions in the Convention asking that people vote on judgement of the King. The motion is opposed by Robespierre, who declares "Louis must die so that the nation may live." The Convention rejects the motion for French voters to decide the King's fate.;;;12.27.1792;long The Convention declares Louis XVI guilty of conspiracy against public liberty by a vote of 707 to zero.;;;01.15.1793;long In a vote lasting twenty-one hours, 361 deputies vote for the death penalty, and 360 against (including 26 for a death penalty followed by a pardon). The Convention rejects a final appeal to the people.;;;01.17.1793;long Louis XVI is beheaded at 10:22 on Place de la Révolution. The commander of the execution, Antoine Joseph Santerre, orders a drum roll to drown out his final words to the crowd.;;;01.21.1793;long Louis XVI, at age 38, was beheaded by guillotine on the Place de la Révolution.;;;01.21.1793;long Breaking of diplomatic relations between England and France.;;;01.24.1793;long The Convention declares war against England and the Dutch Republic.;;;02.01.1793;long The Convention annexes the Principality of Monaco.;;;02.14.1793;long Jean Nicolas Pache is elected the new mayor of Paris.;;;02.14.1793;long Decree of the Convention annexes Belgium to France.;;;03.01.1793;long Armed royalist uprising against the Convention begins in Brittany.;;;03.03.1793;long The Convention declares war against Spain.;;;03.07.1793;long War in the Vendée. Armed uprising against the rule of the Convention, particularly against conscription into the army, begins in the Vendée region of west-central France.;;;03.07.1793;long Revolutionary Tribunal established in Paris, with Fouquier-Tinville as the public prosecutor.;;;03.10.1793;long Failed uprising in Paris by the ultra-revolutionary faction known as the enragés, led by the former priest Jacques Roux.;;;03.10.1793;long The Convention decrees the death penalty for those advocating radical economic programs, a decree aimed at the enragés.;;;03.18.1793;long The Convention decrees the death penalty for any participant in the uprising in the Vendée.;;;03.19.1793;long Establishment of Revolutionary Surveillance Committees (Comités de surveillance révolutionnaire) in all communes and their sections.;;;03.21.1793;long General Dumouriez denounces revolutionary anarchy.;;;03.27.1793;long The Convention orders Dumouriez to return to Paris, and sends four commissaires and Pierre de Ruel, the Minister of War, to arrest him.;;;03.30.1793;long Dumouriez arrests the commissaires of the Convention and Minister of War and hands them over to the Austrians,;;;04.01.1793;long Convention declares Dumouriez outside the law.;;;04.03.1793;long Arrest of Philippe Égalité, a deputy and head of the Orléans branch of the royal family, who had voted for the execution of Louis XVI, his cousin.;;;04.03.1793;long Dumouriez fails to persuade his army to march on Paris, and goes over to the Austrians on April 5.;;;04.04.1793;long Jean Paul Marat is elected head of the Jacobin Club.;;;04.05.1793;long Committee of Public Safety established by the Convention to oversee the ministries and to be chief executive body of the government. Its first nine members included Bertrand Barère, Pierre Joseph Cambon and Georges Danton.;;;04.06.1793;long First session of the Revolutionary Tribunal.;;;04.06.1793;long The Convention votes to arrest Marat for using his newspaper L'Ami du peuple to incite violence and murder, and demand to suspend the Convention. Marat goes into hiding.;;;04.12.1793;long The mayor of Paris, Jean Nicolas Pache, demands that the Convention expel 23 deputies belonging to the moderate Girondin faction.;;;04.15.1793;long Marat is brought before the Revolutionary Tribunal, and is acquitted of all charges. His release causes riotous celebrations by his supporters.;;;04.24.1793;long The rebels of the Vendée, led by the aristocrats Charles de Bonchamps and Henri de La Rochejaquelein, capture Bressuire.;;;05.03.1793;long At the demand of the Paris section of Saint-Antoine, the Convention fixes a maximum price for grain.;;;05.04.1793;long At the demand of the Girondins, the Convention orders the arrest of the ultra-revolutionary enragés leaders Jacques René Hébert and Jean Varlet.;;;05.24.1793;long The Paris Commune demands the release of Hébert and Varlet.;;;05.25.1793;long At the Jacobin Club, Robespierre and Marat call for an insurrection against the Convention. The Paris Commune begins preparing a seizure of power.;;;05.26.1793;long Release of Hébert and Varlet.;;;05.27.1793;long The leaders of Lyon rebel against the Convention, arresting the local Montagnard and enragés leaders.;;;05.30.1793;long Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793. An armed crowd of sans-culottes organized by the Commune storms the hall of the Convention and demands that it disband. The deputies resist.;;;05.31.1793;long The sans-culottes and soldiers of the Paris Commune, led by François Hanriot, occupy the hall of the Convention and force it to vote for the arrest of 29 Girondins deputies, and two ministers, Claviére and Lebrun.;;;06.02.1793;long Revolts against the Montagnard coup d'état in Marseille, Nîmes, and Toulouse. Bordeaux.;;;06.06.1793;long Bordeaux rejects the new government.;;;06.07.1793;long Montagnards gain control of the Committee of Public Safety.;;;06.10.1793;long Despite the Revolution, scientific research continues. Opening of the National Museum of Natural History.;;;06.10.1793;long Leaders of departments opposing the new government meet in Caen. About sixty departments are in revolt against Montagnard government in Paris.;;;06.13.1793;long Ratification of new Constitution by the National Convention.;;;06.24.1793;long Jacques Roux, leader of the ultra-revolutionary enragés, presents his program to the Convention.;;;06.25.1793;long Robespierre and Hébert lead a delegation of Jacobins to the Cordeliers Club to demand the exclusion from the club of Roux and the other ultra-revolutionary leaders.;;;06.30.1793;long The eight-year-old Louis XVII, king of France in the eyes of the royalists, is taken from Marie Antoinette and given to a cobbler named Antoine Simon on orders from the National Convention.;;;07.03.1793;long Marat violently denounces the enragés.;;;07.04.1793;long Charlotte Corday assassinates Jean-Paul Marat in his bath. At her trial, she declares, "I killed one man to save a hundred thousand.";;;07.13.1793;long Charlotte Corday is tried and sentenced to death by the Revolutionary Tribunal for murdering Marat. She is guillotined after her trial.;;;07.17.1793;long Robespierre elected to the Committee of Public Safety.;;;07.27.1793;long The Convention institutes death penalty for those who hoard scarce goods.;;;07.27.1793;long The Convention declares a scorched earth policy against all departments rebelling against its authority.;;;08.01.1793;long The Convention adopts the principles of the metric system.;;;08.01.1793;long On order by decree of the Convention, a mob profanes the tombs of the Kings of France at the Basilica of Saint-Denis.;;;08.01.1793;long Marie-Antoinette is transferred from the Temple to the Conciergerie.;;;08.02.1793;long The Convention sends an army led by General Kellermann to lay siege to the rebellious city of Lyon.;;;08.08.1793;long Robespierre is elected the president of the Convention.;;;08.22.1793;long Levée en masse voted by the Convention. All able-bodied non-married men between ages 18 and 25 are required to serve in the army.;;;08.23.1793;long Soldiers of the Convention capture Marseille.;;;08.25.1793;long Anti-Convention leaders in Toulon invite the British fleet and army to occupy the city.;;;08.27.1793;long Sans-culottes occupy the Convention and demand the arrest of suspected opponents of the Revolution, and the creation of a new revolutionary army of 60,000 men.;;;09.04.1793;long Convention adopts a new Law of Suspects, permitting the arrest and rapid trial of anyone suspected of opposing the Revolution. Start of Reign of Terror.;;;09.17.1793;long Convention re-establishes revolutionary government in Bordeaux. Opponents are arrested and imprisoned.;;;09.18.1793;long All women are required to wear a cocarde tricolor.;;;09.21.1793;long The Convention passes the General Maximum, fixing the prices of many goods and services, as well as maximum salaries.;;;09.29.1793;long The Convention orders that Marie-Antoinette be tried by the Revolutionary Tribunal.;;;10.03.1793;long Additional moderate deputies are accused and excluded from the Assembly\; a total of 136 deputies are excluded.;;;10.03.1793;long To break with the past and replace traditional religious holidays, the Convention adopts the newly created Republican Calendar: Year I is declared to have begun on September 22, 1792.;;;10.05.1793;long Lyon is recaptured by the army of the Convention.;;;10.09.1793;long A decree by the Convention puts the new Constitution on hold. On a proposal from Saint-Just, the Convention declares that "The government of France is revolutionary until the peace.";;;10.10.1793;long The Convention decrees that the city of Lyon will be destroyed in punishment for its rebellion, and renamed Ville-Affranchie.;;;10.12.1793;long Marie-Antoinette is summoned before the Revolutionary Tribunal and charged with treason.;;;10.12.1793;long The Army of the Convention defeats the Austrian Army at the Battle of Wattignies.;;;10.16.1793;long Marie-Antoinette is convicted and guillotined on the Place de la Revolution.;;;10.16.1793;long The Army of the Convention under Generals Jean-Baptiste Kléber and François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers defeats the Vendéen rebels at Cholet.;;;10.17.1793;long The Convention orders the repression of the ultra-revolutionary enragés.;;;10.20.1793;long The Convention forbids religious instruction by clerics.;;;10.28.1793;long The Revolutionary Tribunal sentences the 21 Girondins deputies to death.;;;10.30.1793;long The 21 Girondins deputies are guillotined.;;;10.31.1793;long Olympe de Gouges, champion of rights for women, accused of Girondin sympathies, is guillotined.;;;11.03.1793;long Philippe Égalité is guillotined.;;;11.07.1793;long Madame Roland is guillotined in the purge of Girondins. Before her execution, she cries: "Liberty, what crimes are committed in your name!";;;11.08.1793;long Former finance minister Brienne is arrested at Sens.;;;11.09.1793;long The Cathedral of Notre Dame is re-dedicated as a Temple of Reason in to the civic religion of the Cult of Reason.;;;11.10.1793;long The astronomer and former mayor of Paris, Jean Sylvain Bailly, is executed on the Champ de Mars for his role in suppressing a demonstration there on July 17, 1791.;;;11.12.1793;long On Robespierre's orders, supporters of Danton are arrested.;;;11.17.1793;long Danton returns to Paris, after being absent since October 11. He urges "indulgence" toward opponents and "national reconciliation".;;;11.20.1793;long The Paris Commune orders the closing of all churches and places of worship in Paris.;;;11.23.1793;long Convention votes to remove Mirabeau's remains from the Panthéon and replace them with those of Marat.;;;11.25.1793;long The Cordelier deputy Camille Desmoulins, supporting Danton, publishes an appeal for national reconciliation.;;;12.05.1793;long Defeat of the rebel Vendéen army at Le Mans.;;;12.12.1793;long Withdrawal of the British from Toulon, following a successful military operation conceived and led by a young artillery officer, Napoléon Bonaparte.;;;12.19.1793;long The Army of General François Joseph Westermann destroys the last the Vendéen army at Savenay. Six thousand prisoners are executed.;;;12.23.1793;long To punish the rebellious city of Toulon, the Convention renames it Port-la-Montagne.;;;12.24.1793;long At the Jacobins, Robespierre denounces Fabre d'Églantine, one of the instigators of the September massacres, father of the Republican calendar, and ally of Danton.;;;01.08.1794;long Arrest of Fabre d'Églantine for alleged diversion of state funds.;;;01.13.1794;long Death of Henri de la Rochejaquelein, royalist and military leader of the Vendéens, fighting at Nuaillé.;;;01.29.1794;long The Convention votes to abolish slavery in French colonies.;;;02.04.1794;long Robespierre lectures the Convention on the necessity for the Terror: "The foundations of a popular government in a revolution are virtue and terror\; terror without virtue is disastrous\; and virtue without terror is powerless. The Government of the Revolution is the despotism of liberty over tyranny.";;;02.05.1794;long Napoleon Bonaparte is promoted to general for his role in driving the British from Toulon,;;;02.06.1794;long Recall of Jean-Baptiste Carrier from Nantes. As official delegate of the Convention, he was responsible for the drownings at Nantes of as many as ten thousand Vendéen prisoners, in barges deliberately sunk in the Loire River.;;;02.06.1794;long Jacques Roux commits suicide in prison.;;;02.10.1794;long In a speech at the Cordeliers Club, Hébert attacks both the factions of Danton and Robespierre.;;;02.22.1794;long At the Cordeliers Club, Jean-Baptiste Carrier calls for an insurrection against the Convention.;;;03.04.1794;long The Committees of Public Safety and General Security denounce a planned uprising by the Cordeliers.;;;03.11.1794;long Saint-Just, President of the Convention, denounces a plot against liberty and the French people. Hébert and many other Cordeliers are arrested.;;;03.13.1794;long Robespierre tells the Convention that "All the factions must perish from the same blow.";;;03.15.1794;long Arrest of General Hoche, a member of the Cordeliers. He is freed in August after the fall of Robespierre.;;;03.20.1794;long Trial of the Hébertists begins. To compromise them, they are tried together with foreign bankers, aristocrats and counter-revolutionaries.;;;03.21.1794;long Hébert and leaders of the Cordeliers are condemned to death and guillotined.;;;03.24.1794;long The philosopher and mathematician Condorcet is arrested. He is found dead in his cell two days later.;;;03.27.1794;long Danton, Camille Desmoulins and their supporters arrested.;;;03.30.1794;long Trial of Danton before the Revolutionary Tribunal. He uses the occasion to ridicule and insult his opponents.;;;04.02.1794;long The Convention decrees that anyone who insults the justice system is excluded from speaking, barring Danton from defending himself.;;;04.04.1794;long Danton and Desmoulins are convicted and guillotined the same day.;;;04.05.1794;long Robespierre makes accusations against the Convention delegate Joseph Fouché at a meeting of the Jacobins.;;;04.08.1794;long The members of the alleged Conspiracy of Luxembourg, a diverse collection of followers of Danton and Hébert and other individuals, are put on trial. Seven are acquitted and nineteen are condemned and executed, including Lucile Desmoulins, the widow of Camille Desmoulins, General Arthur Dillon, who had fought in the American Revolutionary War, Pierre Gaspard Chaumette, Françoise Hébert, the widow of Jacques Hébert, and the defrocked Bishop Gobel.;;;04.10.1794;long At the request of Robespierre, the Convention orders the transfer of the ashes of Jean-Jacques Rousseau to the Panthéon.;;;04.14.1794;long A report to the Convention by Saint-Just calls from greater centralization of the police under the control of the Committee for Public Safety.;;;04.15.1794;long By the Treaty of the Hague, between Britain and Prussia, Britain agrees to fund an army of 62,000 Prussian soldiers to continue the war against France.;;;04.19.1794;long In a report to the Convention, the deputy Billaud-Varenne delivers a veiled attack against Robespierre: "All people jealous of their liberty should be on guard even against the virtues of those who occupy eminent positions.";;;04.20.1794;long Malesherbes and the deputés Isaac René Guy le Chapelier and Jacques Guillaume Thouret, four times elected president of the Constituent Assembly, were taken to the scaffold.;;;04.22.1794;long Robespierre creates a new Bureau of Police attached to the Committee of Public Safety, in opposition to the existing police under the Committee of General Safety.;;;04.23.1794;long Robespierre asks the Convention to decree "that the French people recognize the existence of a Supreme Being and the immortality of the soul", and to organize celebrations of the new cult.;;;05.07.1794;long The chemist Antoine Lavoisier, along with twenty-six other former members of the Ferme générale, is tried and guillotined.;;;05.08.1794;long Arrest of Jean Nicolas Pache, the former mayor of Paris, followed by his replacement by Jean-Baptiste Fleuriot-Lescot, a close ally of Robespierre.;;;05.10.1794;long Execution of Madame Élisabeth, the sister of Louis XVI.;;;05.10.1794;long Naval battle between British and French fleets off Ouessant. The French lose seven warships, but a convoy carrying grain from the United States is able to dock in Brest.;;;06.02.1794;long Robespierre is unanimously elected president of the Convention.;;;06.04.1794;long Festival of the Supreme Being, conducted by Robespierre. Some deputies visibly show annoyance with his behavior at the Festival.;;;06.08.1794;long Law of 22 Prairial - As the prisons are full, the Convention speeds up the trials of those accused. Witnesses are no longer required to testify. From June 11 to July 27, 1,376 prisoners are sentenced to death, with no acquittals, compared with 1251 death sentences in the previous fourteen months. The Convention also gives itself the exclusive right to arrest its own members.;;;06.10.1794;long Without naming names, Robespierre announces to the Convention that he will demand the heads of "intriguers" who are plotting against the Convention.;;;06.12.1794;long Carnot foresightedly despatched a large part of the Parisian artillery to the front.;;;06.24.1794;long French forces under Jourdan defeat the Austrians at the Battle of Fleurus.;;;06.26.1794;long Dispute within the Committee of Public Safety. Billaud-Varenne, Carnot and Collot d'Herbois accuse Robespierre of behaving like a dictator. He leaves the Committee and does not return before July 23.;;;06.29.1794;long Robespierre speaks at the Jacobin Club, denouncing a conspiracy against him within the Convention, the Committee of Public Safety, and the Committee of General Security.;;;07.01.1794;long French forces under Generals Jourdan and Pichegru capture Brussels from Austrians.;;;07.08.1794;long Robespierre speaks again at the Jacobin Club, denying he has already made lists, and refusing to name those he plans to arrest.;;;07.09.1794;long At the request of Robespierre, Joseph Fouché is expelled from the Jacobin Club.;;;07.14.1794;long Alexandre de Beauharnais is tried and executed\; his widow Joséphine de Beauharnais became Napoleon's mistress, and his wife in 1796.;;;07.23.1794;long Robespierre attends a meeting of reconciliation with the members of the Committees of Public Safety and General Security, and the dispute seems settled.;;;07.23.1794;long The poet André Chénier is among those guillotined.;;;07.25.1794;long Marie Thérèse de Choiseul, the princes of Monaco is executed. Her execution would be one of the last during the Reign of Terror.;;;07.27.1794;long Robespierre gives a violent speech at the Convention, demanding, without naming them, the arrest and punishment of "traitors" in the Committees of Public Safety and General Security. The Convention first votes to publish the speech, but Billaud-Varenne and Cambon demand names and attack Robespierre. The Convention sends Robespierre's speech to the Committees for further study, without action.;;;07.26.1794;long At noon, Saint-Just began his speech in the convention, prepared to blame everything on Billaud, Collot d'Herbois and Carnot. After a few minutes, Tallien interrupted him and began the attack. When the accusations began to pile up the Convention voted the arrest of Robespierre, and of his younger brother Augustin Robespierre, Saint-Just, Couthon and Lebas. François Hanriot warned the sections that there would be an attempt to murder Robespierre and mobilized 2,400 National Guards in front of the town hall. In the meantime the five were taken to a prison, but refused by the jailors. An administrator of the police took Robespierre the older around 8 p.m. to the police administration on Île de la Cité\; Robespierre insisted being received in a prison. He hesitated for legal reasons for possibly two hours. At around 10 p.m. the mayor appointed a delegation to go and convince Robespierre to join the Commune movement. Then the Convention declared the five deputies (plus the supporting members) to be outlaws. They expected crowds of supporters to join them during the night, but most left losing time in fruitless deliberation, without supplies or instructions.;;;07.27.1794;long At two in the morning, soldiers loyal to the Convention take the Hôtel de Ville without a fight. Robespierre is wounded in the jaw by a gunshot, either from a gendarme or self-inflicted. His brother is badly injured jumping from the window. In the morning, Robespierre and his supporters are taken to the Revolutionary Tribunal for formal identification. Since they have been declared outside the law, no trial is considered necessary. In the evening of July 28, Robespierre and his supporters, including his brother, Saint-Just, Couthon and Hanriot, 22 in all, are guillotined.;;;07.28.1794;long Arrest and execution of seventy allies of Robespierre within the Paris Commune. In all, 106 Robespierrists are guillotined.;;;07.29.1794;long Inmates of Paris prisons arrested under the Law of Suspects are released.;;;08.05.1794;long Napoléon Bonaparte is arrested in Nice, but released on August 20.;;;08.09.1794;long The Convention reorganizes the government, distributing power among sixteen different committees.;;;08.24.1794;long First anti-Jacobin demonstration in Paris by disaffected young middle-class Parisians called Muscadins.;;;08.29.1794;long French army retakes Condé-sur-l'Escaut. All French territory is now freed of foreign occupation.;;;08.30.1794;long The Convention puts Paris under the direct control of the national government.;;;08.31.1794;long The Musée des monuments français is founded to protect religious architecture and art threatened with destruction.;;;09.01.1794;long The Abbé Grégoire, a member of the Convention, coins the term "vandalism" to describe destruction of religious monuments across France;;;09.13.1794;long The Convention stops paying officially sanctioned priests and stops maintaining church properties.;;;09.18.1794;long The remains of Marat are placed in the Panthéon.;;;09.21.1794;long Confrontations in the meetings of the Paris sections between supporters and opponents of the Terror.;;;10.01.1794;long Arrest of the leaders of the bands of armed sans-culottes in Paris.;;;10.03.1794;long A French army captures Cologne.;;;10.06.1794;long Foundation of the Central School of Public Works, the future École Polytechnique;;;10.22.1794;long Muscadins attack the Jacobin Club. The attack is repeated on November 11.;;;11.09.1794;long The Convention orders the suspension of meetings of the Jacobin Club.;;;11.12.1794;long Treaty of London between the United States and England calls for joint suppression of French corsairs and a blockade of French ports.;;;11.19.1794;long The Convention forms a committee of sixteen members to complete work on the Constitution of 1793.;;;12.03.1794;long Seventy-three surviving Girondin deputies are given seats again in the Convention.;;;12.08.1794;long Conviction and execution of the Jacobin Carrier for ordering the mass execution of as many as 10.000 prisoners in the Vendée;;;12.16.1794;long The Convention repeals the law setting maximum prices for grain and other food products.;;;12.24.1794;long French army of Pichegru captures Amsterdam.;;;01.19.1795;long French cavalry capture the Dutch fleet, trapped in the ice at Den Helder.;;;01.21.1795;long Confrontations between Muscadins and sans-culottes in Paris streets.;;;02.02.1795;long The semi-official government newspaper Le Moniteur Universel condemns the past incitement to violence and terror by Marat and his allies.;;;02.05.1795;long Removal of the remains of Marat and three other extreme Jacobins from the Panthéon.;;;02.08.1795;long Several former Jacobin leaders in Lyon, who conducted the Terror there, are assassinated, beginning of the so-called First White Terror.;;;02.14.1795;long An amnesty granted to former Vendéen rebels, restoring freedom of religion.;;;02.17.1795;long On a proposal by Boissy d'Anglas, the Convention proclaims freedom of religion and the separation of church and state.;;;02.21.1795;long In the Convention, the deputy Rovère demands the punishment of Jacobins who carried out the Terror. Former Jacobin leaders in several cities placed under arrest. Four Jacobins in Nîmes who conducted the Terror there are assassinated.;;;02.22.1795;long The Convention orders the arrest of Barère, Villaud-Varenne, Collot d'Herbois and Vadier, the Jacobins who had orchestrated the downfall of Robespierre.;;;03.02.1795;long In Toulon, arrest of the Jacobins who had carried out mass executions of the population.;;;03.05.1795;long Riot in Toulon by sans-culottes, who execute seven imprisoned émigrés.;;;03.08.1795;long Food riots in Paris.;;;03.17.1795;long Grain supplies in Paris are exhausted. The assignat falls to eight percent of its original value.;;;03.19.1795;long On a proposal by Sieyès, the Convention votes the death penalty for leaders of movements who try to overthrow the government.;;;03.21.1795;long Beginning of the trial of Fouquier-Tinville, the head of the Revolutionary Tribunal, who conducted the trials during the Terror.;;;03.28.1795;long Insurrection of 12 Germinal, Year III. Sans-culottes invade Convention, but leave when the National Guard arrives. Paris is declared in a state of siege.;;;04.01.1795;long The Convention orders the deportation to French Guiana of Barère, Billaud-Varenne, and Collot d'Herbois, and the arrest of eight extreme-left deputies.;;;04.01.1795;long The French army under Pichegru suppresses an armed uprising in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine.;;;04.02.1795;long Signature of a peace agreement between Prussia and France in Basel. Prussia accepts the French annexation of the left bank of the Rhine.;;;04.05.1795;long Convention orders the disarmament of Jacobins who were involved in the Terror.;;;04.10.1795;long The Convention restores civic rights to all citizens declared outside the law since May 31, 1793.;;;04.11.1795;long Assassination of six Jacobins involved in the Terror in Bourg-en-Bresse.;;;04.19.1795;long The Convention names a commission of eight members to revise the Constitution.;;;04.23.1795;long Agreement of last Vendéen rebels to lay down their arms in exchange for amnesty.;;;05.02.1795;long Massacre of twenty-five Jacobins imprisoned in Lyon.;;;05.04.1795;long The former chief prosecutor, Fouquier-Tinville, and the fourteen jurors of the Revolutionary Tribunal are condemned to death and guillotined.;;;05.07.1795;long Armed uprising against the Convention by Jacobins and sans-culottes. They invade the hall of the Convention and kill deputy Féraud. The army responds quickly and clears out the hall. The Convention votes the arrest of the Deputies involved in the uprising.;;;05.20.1795;long New uprising of Jacobins and sans-culottes in Paris\; they occupy the Hôtel de Ville.;;;05.21.1795;long Third day of uprising in Paris. The Convention orders the army to occupy the Faubourg Saint-Antoine.;;;05.22.1795;long The army secures the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, and disarms and arrests the participants in the uprising.;;;05.24.1795;long The last Jacobin former members of the Committees of Public Safety and General Security are arrested.;;;05.28.1795;long The Convention abolishes the Revolutionary Tribunal.;;;05.31.1795;long Death of the 10-year-old Louis XVII imprisoned in the Temple. His uncle in exile, the comte de Provence, inherits the title as Louis XVIII, king of France.;;;06.08.1795;long The Convention decriminalizes the émigrés who fled France after the Jacobin seizure of power on May 26, 1793.;;;06.10.1795;long Deputies who supported the May 20–22 uprising are put on trial.;;;06.12.1795;long Suicide of six deputies condemned to death for participation in the May 20–22 uprising.;;;06.17.1795;long The rebels of the Vendée, under Charette, resume their rebellion.;;;06.23.1795;long In support of the Chouans, an army of émigrés, under the command of Joseph de Puisaye, landed at Quiberon.;;;06.23.1795;long An army of four thousand royalist émigrés is landed by the British in the Bay of Carnac in Brittany.;;;06.26.1795;long The royalist army of émigrés in Brittany is defeated in front of Vannes by General Hoche.;;;06.30.1795;long The Chouans are forced to abandon Auray. The royalist army retreats to the peninsula of Quiberon, where on July 7 they are besieged by Hoche.;;;06.30.1795;long Two thousand more royalist émigrés are landed at Quiberon, where they also are trapped by Hoche.;;;07.15.1795;long The French Army of the Western Pyrenees in Spain under Moncey captures Vitoria-Gasteiz and takes Bilbao on July 19.;;;07.17.1795;long The royalist army in Quiberon surrenders. 748 émigrés are executed by firing squad.;;;07.21.1795;long The Peace of Basel is signed between Spain and France. France receives from Spain the western portion of the island of Saint-Dominigue (now the Dominican Republic). With Spain out of the war, France is at war only with Austria and England.;;;07.22.1795;long The Convention orders the arrest of Joseph Fouché and several other Montagnard deputies.;;;08.09.1795;long The Convention adopts the Franc as the French monetary unit.;;;08.15.1795;long Constitution of the Year III (Constitution de l'An III), the new Constitution, is adopted by the Convention. It calls for an upper and lower house of the parliament, on the American and British models, and an executive Directory of five members. According to the terms of the Constitution, two-thirds of the deputies of the new Assembly are former deputies of the Convention.;;;08.22.1795;long Approved by a national referendum, the new Constitution comes into effect.;;;09.23.1795;long An armed royalist uprising threatens the Convention. On the orders of Paul Barras, in charge of the defense of Paris, General Bonaparte leads the army against the uprising. He uses cannons with grapeshot to break up a rebel gathering in front of the church of Saint-Roch, rue Saint-Honoré.;;;10.05.1795;long Beginning of elections to the new chambers of the legislature, the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients.;;;10.12.1795;long Montagnard army officers dismissed under the Convention are reintegrated into the army.;;;10.12.1795;long The assignat falls to just three percent of its nominal value. Twenty billion (20,000,000,000) notes in circulation.;;;10.23.1795;long Bonaparte is named commander in chief of the Army of the Interior.;;;10.26.1795;long The first Directory is elected by the legislature\; its members are Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux, Jean-François Rewbell, Étienne-François Letourneur, Paul Barras and Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, who declines to serve and is replaced by Lazare Carnot.;;;10.31.1795;long The legislature votes a forced loan of six hundred million francs to be taken from the wealthiest French citizens.;;;12.10.1795;long The daughter of Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette, Madame Royale, imprisoned in the Temple since August 1792, is exchanged for a group of republican prisoners held in Austria.;;;12.26.1795;long Armistice on the Rhine halting combat between the French and Austrian armies.;;;12.31.1795;long Creation by the Directory of the Ministry of the Police, under Merlin de Douai.;;;01.02.1796;long Commemoration of the anniversary of Louis XVI's execution. Director Rewbell gives a speech denouncing the extremism of the left.;;;01.21.1796;long The Directory is given the provisional power to name the administrators of cities.;;;01.25.1796;long The royalist and rebel leader Nicolas Stofflet tries to restart the War in the Vendée.;;;01.26.1796;long Wolfe Tone, leader of the Irish revolutionaries, arrives in France, seeking military support to liberate Ireland.;;;02.02.1796;long The government stops issuing assignats, which have lost most of their value. Thirty-nine billion (39,000,000,000) are in circulation.;;;02.19.1796;long The United States and Britain extend their treaty of November 19, 1794. Relations between France and the United States deteriorate.;;;02.20.1796;long The Vendéen rebel and royalist leader Nicolas Stofflet is captured and executed by firing squad in Angers the following day.;;;02.23.1796;long On the orders of the Directory, General Bonaparte closes the extreme leftist Club du Panthéon, founded by a follower of Marat.;;;02.28.1796;long The Directory names General Bonaparte the commander of the Army of Italy.;;;03.02.1796;long Marriage of Napoléon Bonaparte and Joséphine de Beauharnais, the widow of Alexandre de Beauharnais, a French general and political leader guillotined during the Reign of Terror.;;;03.09.1796;long The Directory replaces the assignat with two billion four hundred million Mandats territoriaux, which can be used to purchase nationalized property. Within three weeks they lose eighty percent of their value.;;;03.18.1796;long François de Charette, last leader of the royalist rebellion in Vendée, is captured and executed by firing squad in Nantes.;;;03.23.1796;long François-Noël Babeuf, known as "Gracchus Babeuf", the ultra-leftist leader and precursor of Communism, forms an insurrectional committee and movement, called Les Égaux ("the Equals"), to overthrow the government. They hold a demonstration in Paris on April 6.;;;03.30.1796;long Bonaparte begins his Italian campaign with victories over the Austrians at Montenotte (April 12) and the Sardinians at Millesimo (April 13).;;;04.10.1796;long Babeuf's followers and the remaining Montagnards form a common plan to overthrow the Directory.;;;05.02.1796;long Bonaparte forces an armistice upon the Duke of Parma.;;;05.09.1796;long Bonaparte defeats the Austrians at the Battle of Lodi.;;;05.10.1796;long Treaty signed in Paris between the Directory and king Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia. The king agrees to cede Savoy and Nice to France.;;;05.15.1796;long In Milan, Bonaparte promises "independence" for Italy.;;;05.19.1796;long The Austrians renounce the armistice along the Rhine, and the war resumes on that front.;;;05.20.1796;long Bonaparte begins the siege of Mantua, the last Italian city held by Austria.;;;06.04.1796;long Bonaparte signs an armistice with the king of Sicily.;;;06.05.1796;long Bonaparte's army enters Romagna, one of the Papal States.;;;06.12.1796;long End of the civil war in the west of France, with the submission of Georges Cadoudal and the departure of Louis de Frotté for England.;;;06.22.1796;long Bonaparte signs the Armistice of Bologna with the Holy See, which permits the French occupation of the northern Papal States.;;;06.23.1796;long The Island of Elba is occupied by the British.;;;07.09.1796;long A new Austrian army under Wurmser arrives in Italy.;;;07.10.1796;long General Kléber captures Frankfurt.;;;07.16.1796;long French army under General Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr captures Stuttgart.;;;07.18.1796;long General Hoche is named head of an army to invade Ireland in support of the Irish independence movement.;;;07.20.1796;long Bonaparte defeats the Austrians under Wurmser at the Battle of Castiglione. The Austrian army retreats to the Tyrol.;;;08.05.1796;long Treaty of alliance signed between France and Spain at San Ildefonso.;;;08.19.1796;long Bonaparte defeats the Austrians under Wurmser at the Battle of Bassano.;;;09.08.1796;long Failed insurrection at the Grenelle army camp Paris by followers of Gracchus Babeuf, and diehard Montagnards, infiltrated by agents of the police.;;;09.09.1796;long Spain, now allied with France, declares war on Britain.;;;10.05.1796;long The thirty-two leaders of the September 9–10 Babeuf uprising are tried by a military tribunal and sentenced to death.;;;10.10.1796;long Bonaparte encourages the proclamation of a Cispadane Republic in northern Italy, composed of Modena and some of the Papal states.;;;10.16.1796;long Austria sends two more armies to northern Italy to confront Bonaparte.;;;11.02.1796;long (November 15-17) Decisive victory of Bonaparte over the Austrians at the Battle of Arcole.;;;11.15.1796;long Abrogation of the harshest parts of the October 25, 1795 laws punishing émigrés and refractory priests.;;;12.04.1796;long (December 15-17;;;12.15.1796;long ) Departure from Brest of a fleet carrying a French army commanded by Hoche to invade Ireland.;;;12.24.1796;long (December 24-25) Storms dislocate the French invasion fleet off the coast of Ireland and force it to return to France.;;;01.07.1797;long A new Austrian army commanded by General József Alvinczi is sent to fight General Bonaparte in Italy.;;;01.14.1797;long Bonaparte defeats the Austrians at the Battle of Rivoli.;;;02.02.1797;long Surrender of last Austrian forces in Italy, in Mantua, to Bonaparte.;;;02.09.1797;long Bonaparte occupies Ancona to force Pope Pius VI to negotiate with him. Negotiations begin February 12.;;;02.14.1797;long Defeat of the Spanish fleet, ally of the French, at the Battle of Cape Saint Vincent.;;;02.19.1797;long Pius VI cedes Comtat Venaissin and the northern portion of the Italian papal states to the new Cispadane Republic.;;;02.20.1797;long Beginning of the trial of Babeuf and his leading followers at the High Court of Justice in Vendôme.;;;03.02.1797;long The Directory authorizes French warships to capture U.S. ships, in retaliation for the British-US treaty of February 20, 1796;;;02.20.1796;long Bonaparte begins a new offensive in Italy against the army of the Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen.;;;03.09.1797;long French voters are required to take an oath of fidelity to the government before voting on April 18.;;;03.18.1797;long After a series of victories by Bonaparte, the Austrians agree to negotiate.;;;04.07.1797;long Preliminary Treaty of Leoben\; Austria gives up its claim to the Austrian Netherlands ("Belgian Provinces")\; a secret agreement divides the territories of Venice between Austria and France.;;;04.18.1797;long Results of partial elections for the legislature. 205 of the 216 deputies running are defeated, and many are replaced by royalists.;;;04.18.1797;long Massacre of anti-French insurgents in Verona by French army.;;;04.27.1797;long The Directory ratifies the Treaty of Leoben.;;;04.30.1797;long Bonaparte declares war on Venice.;;;05.02.1797;long Revolutionaries overthrow the government council (Patriciate) of Venice.;;;05.12.1797;long Bonaparte begins negotiations with the Doge of Venice, Ludovico Manin.;;;05.16.1797;long New session of the French legislature begins. The royalist Pichegru is chosen president of the Council of Five Hundred, and another royalist, François Barbé-Marbois becomes president of the Council of Ancients.;;;05.20.1797;long A drawing of lots removes the moderate republican Étienne-François Letourneur. He is replaced by the royalist diplomat François Barthélemy on June 6.;;;05.20.1797;long The political agitator Babeuf and one supporter, Darthé, are sentenced to death. They are executed in Vendôme on May 27.;;;05.26.1797;long First meeting of the Cercle Constitutionnel, a club of prominent moderate republican deputies. Its leaders include Sieyès, Talleyrand, and Garat.;;;06.04.1797;long Bonaparte installs a new government in Genoa, with the aim of creating a new Ligurian Republic.;;;06.14.1797;long The Director Paul Barras contacts General Hoche, seeking support for a coup d'état against the royalist majority in the two Councils.;;;06.24.1797;long The royalist majority in the Councils repeals the law of October 25, 1795, which added punishments against refractory priests and émigrés.;;;06.27.1797;long French troops land on Corfu, previously owned by Venice.;;;06.28.1797;long General Hoche sends 15,000 soldiers from the Rhine to Brest via Paris, on the pretext of planning an invasion of Ireland.;;;06.28.1797;long Talleyrand proposes a French expedition against Egypt.;;;07.03.1797;long The French support the formation of the Cisalpine Republic, composed of the former Cispadane Republic and Lombardy.;;;07.09.1797;long Conflict within the Directory between Barthélemy and Carnot, favorable to the monarchists, and the three pro-republican directors, Barras, La Révellière-Lépeaux, and Rewbell.;;;07.16.1797;long The army of Hoche arrives within three leagues (see also 1797: Units of measurement in France before the French Revolution] of Paris, a violation of the Constitution. The royalist Councils protest.;;;07.17.1797;long Barras produces evidence that General Pichegru was in secret correspondence with Louis XVIII and the monarchists. Carnot joins sides with the three republican directors.;;;07.20.1797;long The Councils vote a law forbidding political clubs, including the republican Cercle Constitutionnel.;;;07.25.1797;long Bonaparte sends General Augereau to Paris as military commander of the city, to support a coup d'état against the royalists.;;;07.27.1797;long Bonaparte writes to the Directory, proposing a military intervention in Egypt "to truly destroy England".;;;08.16.1797;long Coup d'état of 18 Fructidor against the royalists in the legislature. Augereau arrests Barthélemy, Pichegru, and the leading royalist deputies.;;;09.04.1797;long The Directory forces the Councils to adopt new laws annulling the elections of 200 royalist deputies in 53 departments, and deporting 65 royalist leaders and journalists.;;;09.05.1797;long Election of two new republican directors, Merlin de Douai and François de Neufchâteau, to replace Carnot and Barthélemy.;;;09.08.1797;long General Augereau, who carried out the September 4 coup, is named commander of the new Army of the Rhine.;;;09.23.1797;long Directory instructs Bonaparte to win major concessions in negotiations with Austria, and, in the event of refusal, to march on Vienna.;;;09.29.1797;long Signature of peace between Austria and France in the Treaty of Campo Formio. Austria obtains Venice and its possessions, while France receives Belgium and the right bank of the Rhine River as far as Cologne.;;;10.17.1797;long Bonaparte meets with the Irish leader Wolfe Tone to discuss a future French landing in Ireland.;;;12.21.1797;long Anti-French riots in Rome, and murder of a French general, Mathurin-Léonard Duphot.;;;12.28.1797;long Pope Pius VI apologizes to France for the Rome riots\; apologies are rejected by the Directory.;;;12.29.1797;long The French legislature passes a law authorizing a loan of eighty million francs to prepare an invasion of England.;;;01.05.1798;long The Directory orders General Berthier and his army to march on Rome to punish the papal government for the murder of General Duphot.;;;01.11.1798;long Bonaparte presents a plan for an invasion of England to the Directory.;;;01.12.1798;long The legislature authorizes French ships to seize neutral ships carrying British merchandise.;;;01.18.1798;long The Vaud region of Switzerland, with French support, declares independence from the Swiss government in Bern.;;;01.24.1798;long The Directory authorizes French troops to intervene on behalf of the Swiss uprising in Vaud against the Swiss government.;;;01.26.1798;long Berthier and his army enter Rome.;;;02.10.1798;long Talleyrand presents to the Directory a project for a French conquest of Egypt.;;;02.14.1798;long General Berthier, in Rome, proclaims a new Roman Republic, under French protection.;;;02.15.1798;long Bonaparte recommends to the Directory the abandonment of the invasion of England, and an invasion of Egypt instead.;;;02.23.1798;long The Directory approves Bonaparte's plan to invade Egypt.;;;03.05.1798;long The French army captures Bern.;;;03.06.1798;long The Parliament of German states, meeting in Rastadt, accepts the annexation of the left bank of the Rhine by France.;;;03.09.1798;long Under the sponsorship of General Brune, an assembly in Aarau proclaims a Helvetic Republic.;;;03.22.1798;long Following the French model, the new Helvetic Republic declares itself a secular republic.;;;04.04.1798;long Elections for one-third of the seats in the French legislature.;;;04.09.1798;04.18.1798 The Traité de Réunion formally unites the Republic of Geneva (fr) with the French Republic.;;;04.26.1798;long A report to the Council of Five Hundred declares that the French elections were irregular, and recommends exclusion of candidates of the far left.;;;05.07.1798;long By the Law of 22 Floréal Year VI, the Council of Ancients and the Council of Five Hundred invalidate the election of 106 Jacobin deputies.;;;05.11.1798;long Jean Baptiste Treilhard is elected to the Directory in place of François de Neufchâteau.;;;05.15.1798;long Bonaparte and his Armée d'Orient set sail from Toulon for Egypt.;;;05.19.1798;long Anti-British uprising begins in Ireland\; the Irish rebels believe that Bonaparte is sailing to Ireland.;;;05.23.1798;long (June 9-11) Bonaparte invades and captures Malta.;;;06.09.1798;long (July 1-2) Bonaparte lands in Egypt and captures Alexandria.;;;07.01.1798;long Irish uprising suppressed by the British army.;;;07.14.1798;long Bonaparte defeats the Mameluks at the Battle of the Pyramids.;;;07.21.1798;long Bonaparte and his army enter Cairo.;;;07.24.1798;long Admiral Nelson and the British fleet destroy the French fleet at the Battle of the Nile, stranding Bonaparte in Egypt.;;;08.01.1798;long A French fleet and expeditionary force sails for Ireland to aid the Irish rebels, though the rebellion is already defeated.;;;08.06.1798;long French troops under General Humbert land at Killala, in northwest Ireland.;;;08.22.1798;long General Humbert defeats a British force at the Battle of Castlebar, and declares an Irish republic.;;;08.27.1798;long Suppression of a royalist revolt in the south of the Massif Central in France and the arrest of its leaders.;;;09.02.1798;long The French legislature requires all French men between twenty and twenty-five to perform military service.;;;09.05.1798;long The forces of General Humbert are surrounded by the British army at the Battle of Ballinamuck and forced to surrender.;;;09.09.1798;long A new French expeditionary force sails from Brest to Ireland.;;;09.16.1798;long The French government calls 200,000 men for military service.;;;09.24.1798;long François de Neufchâteau, Minister of the Interior, creates the first Higher Council on Public Education.;;;10.08.1798;long French fleet and expeditionary force defeated off coast of Ireland\; six of eight warships captured.;;;10.11.1798;long Belgian peasants rebel against obligatory service in French army.;;;10.12.1798;long Population of Cairo rebels against French occupation. Rebellion suppressed by Bonaparte on October 22.;;;10.21.1798;long Directory orders deportation of Belgian priests, blamed for peasant uprising.;;;11.04.1798;long A Russian-Turkish fleet blockades Corfu occupied by the French army.;;;11.05.1798;long Austria and England agree to cooperate to force France back to its 1789 boundaries.;;;11.16.1798;long (November 23-24) Directory, desperate for money, imposes new real estate tax and additional taxes based on number of doors and windows.;;;11.23.1798;long The army of the King of Naples captures Rome.;;;11.27.1798;long French troops defeat Belgian rebels at Hasselt and massacre insurgents. End of peasant uprising in Belgium.;;;12.04.1798;long French army under Jean Étienne Championnet defeats the army of the King of Naples at Battle of Civita Castellana.;;;12.06.1798;long French army under Championnet recaptures Rome.;;;12.14.1798;long French army attacks Naples and forces King of Naples to take sanctuary on the flagship of Admiral Nelson.;;;12.21.1798;long Alliance (Second Coalition) between Russia, Britain and the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily against France signed.;;;12.29.1798;long The army of General Championnet captures Capua.;;;01.10.1799;long French army occupies Naples;;;01.23.1799;long Proclamation of a new republic in Naples, named Parthénopéenne by the Directory;;;01.26.1799;long Victory of General Louis Desaix over the Mameluks at Aswan completes the French conquest of upper Egypt.;;;02.01.1799;long Conflict between Generals Championnet and Faipoult over the command of French troops in Naples.;;;02.03.1799;long Championnet orders the expulsion of Faipoult from Naples.;;;02.06.1799;long Bonaparte marches his army from Cairo toward Syria.;;;02.20.1799;long Bonaparte defeats a Turkish army and occupies Arish in the Sinai Peninsula.;;;02.20.1799;long The Directory orders the arrest of General Championnet.;;;02.24.1799;long General Jean-Baptiste Jourdan assembles the Army of the Danube and prepares to cross the Rhine and invade German states and Austria.;;;02.24.1799;long (March 1-2) French armies under Jourdan and Bernadotte cross the Rhine.;;;03.01.1799;long French troops in Corfu surrender, after a long siege by a Russian-Turkish fleet.;;;03.03.1799;long Bonaparte captures Jaffa in Palestine. Some of his soldiers are infected with the plague.;;;03.07.1799;long Bonaparte visits the hospital for plague victims in Jaffa.;;;03.11.1799;long The Directory declares war on Austria and on the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.;;;03.12.1799;long Bonaparte lays siege to Saint-Jean-d'Acre in Palestine.;;;03.19.1799;long French troops enter the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.;;;03.21.1799;long Army of General Massena defeated by Austrians at Battle of Feldkirch.;;;03.23.1799;long Defeat of Jourdan by Austrians at Battle of Stockach.;;;03.25.1799;long Bonaparte tries unsuccessfully to capture Saint-Jean-d'Acre.;;;03.28.1799;long Bonaparte fails again to take Saint-Jean-d'Acre.;;;04.01.1799;long Jourdan resigns as commander of the Army of the Danube. His army pulls back to the west bank of the Rhine on April 6.;;;04.03.1799;long Beginning of legislative elections in France to replace one-third of members.;;;04.09.1799;long Pope Pius VI, a prisoner of the French, is transferred to France.;;;04.10.1799;long The Austrian army of Melas and the Russian army of Alexander Suvorov join in Italy.;;;04.14.1799;long Bonaparte defeats the Ottoman army led by Abdullah Pasha al-Azm at the Battle of Mount Tabor.;;;04.16.1799;long French elections result in a major loss for supporters of the government, and a victory for the extreme left.;;;04.18.1799;long Bonaparte fails a third time to capture Saint-Jean-d'Acre.;;;04.24.1799;long Alexander Suvorov's Russo-Austrian army defeats French forces under General Moreau at the Battle of Cassano.;;;04.27.1799;long Suvorov enters Milan.;;;04.29.1799;long Bonaparte fails for a fourth time to capture Saint-Jean-d'Acre.;;;05.01.1799;long Fifth and last attempt by Bonaparte to capture Saint-Jean-d'Acre. He lifts the siege on May 17.;;;05.10.1799;long As the result of the system of drawing lots, Rewbell leaves the Directory and is replaced by Sieyès, who is seen as a moderate leftist.;;;05.16.1799;long An English fleet lands soldiers at Ostend in Belgium. The expedition fails, and withdraws the following day.;;;05.19.1799;long Russo-Austrian army enters Turin.;;;05.26.1799;long (June 4-6) Masséna is forced to withdraw his forces from Zürich.;;;06.04.1799;long Bonaparte returns to Cairo.;;;06.14.1799;long A serious struggle begins between the newly elected left-wing members of the Council of Five Hundred and the Directory, due to the string of French military defeats. The legislature demands new measures for "public safety".;;;06.16.1799;long The Council of Five Hundred and Council of the Ancients annul the election of Jean Baptiste Treilhard to the Directory and replace him with a leftist member, Louis-Jérôme Gohier.;;;06.17.1799;long (June 18-19) Two royalist members of the Directory, Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai and La Révellière-Lépeaux, are forced to resign, under threat of being brought to trial by the Councils. They are replaced by two moderate leftists, Roger Ducos, and Jean-François-Auguste Moulin. (Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII );;;06.18.1799;long A French army under Étienne Macdonald is defeated by the Russians under Suvorov at the Battle of the Trebia.;;;06.19.1799;long Another reversal in Italy: the French garrison of Naples surrenders.;;;06.19.1799;long The Council votes to demand a forced loan of one hundred million francs from wealthy citizens to equip new armies.;;;06.28.1799;long Two commanders with neo-Jacobin sympathies are promoted by the Directory 1799 1799: Joubert is named new commander of the Army of Italy, and Championnet is chosen to command the Army of the Alps.;;;07.05.1799;long A neo-Jacobin club, the Société des amis de la Liberté et de l'Égalité ("Society of the Friends of Liberty and Equality"), is founded in Paris.;;;07.07.1799;long The Council of Five Hundred votes a new law on hostages, demands lists of royalists be made in each department, and brings accusations against former members of the Directory with royalist tendencies.;;;07.12.1799;long At a celebration of the anniversary of the Revolution, General Jourdan calls "bringing back the pikes", the weapons of the Jacobin street mobs during the Terror. On the same day, Siéyès gives a speech denouncing the new Jacobins.;;;07.14.1799;long An Ottoman army under the command of Seid Mustafa Pasha, transported to Egypt by Sidney Smith's British fleet, lands at Abukir.;;;07.17.1799;long Bonaparte defeats Seid Mustafa Pasha's Ottoman army at the Battle of Abukir.;;;07.25.1799;long Royalist uprisings in Toulouse and Bordeaux. Both are quickly suppressed by the army.;;;08.06.1799;long Sieyès orders the closing of the new Jacobin Club in Paris.;;;08.13.1799;long Defeat of the French Army of Italy under General Joubert at the Battle of Novi. Joubert is killed.;;;08.15.1799;long The Council of Five Hundred decides, by a vote of 217–214, not to arrest and try the former members of the Directory accused of royalist sympathies.;;;08.18.1799;long Bonaparte has had no news from France in six months. The British admiral Sir Sidney Smith sends him a packet of French newspapers, which he reads in one night. He hands over command of the army to General Kléber and leaves Egypt with a small party aboard the frigate La Muiron.;;;08.23.1799;long Pope Pius VI dies, a French prisoner, in Valence.;;;08.29.1799;long Championnet, prominent among the Jacobin generals, is named new commander of the Army of Italy.;;;08.29.1799;long General Jourdan, leader of the Jacobins in the army, asks the Council of Five Hundred to declare a state of national emergency.;;;09.13.1799;long Council of Five Hundred refuses to declare a state of national emergency.;;;09.14.1799;long The Director Sieyès obtains the resignation of Jean Bernadotte as Minister of War, on the grounds that Bernadotte was planning a Jacobin coup d'état.;;;09.14.1799;long The royalist leaders in the west of France, including the Breton Chouan leader Georges Cadoudal, meet to organize a new uprising against Paris.;;;09.15.1799;long The royalist military commander Louis de Frotté lands in Normandy to take charge of the new uprising.;;;09.24.1799;long (September 25-26) General Masséna defeats the Russian-Austrian army of Alexander Rimsky-Korsakov at the Second Battle of Zurich.;;;09.25.1799;long The Russian army under Suvorov is forced to retreat across the Alps.;;;09.29.1799;long A French-Dutch army under General Brune defeats a Russian-British force at the Battle of Castricum. The British and Russians withdraw their troops from the Netherlands.;;;10.06.1799;long Bonaparte lands at Saint-Raphaël.;;;10.09.1799;long Sieyès invites General Moreau to organize a coup d'état against the Jacobins in the Councils, but Moreau refuses.;;;10.14.1799;long Bonaparte arrives in Paris to public celebrations.;;;10.16.1799;long Bonaparte is received by the Directory.;;;10.17.1799;long The royalist forces in the west, the Chouans, capture Nantes, but are forced to withdraw the next day.;;;10.19.1799;long The Russian Czar Paul I orders the withdrawal of Russian troops from the war against the French.;;;10.23.1799;long Lucien Bonaparte, younger brother of General Napoléon Bonaparte, is elected President of the Council of Five Hundred.;;;10.23.1799;long (October 23-29) Royalist forces in Brittany and the Vendée briefly capture several cities, but are quickly driven out by the French army.;;;10.23.1799;long Bonaparte meets with Sieyès\; the two men dislike each other, but agree to a parliamentary coup d'état to replace the Directory.;;;11.01.1799;long Bonaparte meets with Fouché, the Minister of Police, who agrees not to interfere with a coup d'état.;;;11.03.1799;long The Councils of the Ancients and the Five Hundred offer a banquet to Bonaparte at the former church of Saint Sulpice.;;;11.06.1799;long General Jourdan proposes that Bonaparte join him in a Jacobin coup d'état against the Directory. Bonaparte refuses.;;;11.07.1799;long Bonaparte dines with Cambacérès and arranges the final details of the coup d'état.;;;11.08.1799;long The coup d'état of 18 Brumaire begins. French troops loyal to Bonaparte occupy key points in Paris. Lucien Bonaparte, the president of the Council of Five Hundred, warns the deputies that a "terrorist" plot against the legislature has been discovered, and asks that the meetings of the Councils, scheduled for the next day, be moved for their security to the château of Saint-Cloud, some 10 kilometers west of Paris. Bonaparte is named Commander-in-chief of the army in Paris.;;;11.09.1799;long As agreed in advance, two members of the Directory who are complicit in the coup, Sieyès and Ducos, offer their resignation. A third, Barras, is talked into resigning by Talleyrand. The two Jacobin directors, Gohier and Moulin, are arrested by the soldiers of General Moreau and confined at the Luxembourg Palace. Fouché proposes to arrest the leading Jacobin members of the Council of Five Hundred, but Bonaparte does not feel it is necessary, which proves to be a mistake. By the end of the day, Paris is entirely under the control of Bonaparte and officers loyal to him.;;;11.09.1799;long As proposed by Bonaparte, the members of the two Councils are transported to the château of Saint-Cloud. 6,000 soldiers have been assembled by Bonaparte there, soldiers who are largely hostile to the Councils because of delays in their pay.;;;11.10.1799;long Bonaparte speaks first to the Council of the Ancients, explaining the need for a change in government. The upper Council listens in silence and votes without opposition to accept Bonaparte's proposal. Bonaparte then addresses the Council of Five Hundred, meeting in the orangerie of the domain of Saint-Cloud. Here his reception is much different: the Jacobin members protest angrily, insult and shout down Bonaparte, threatening to declare him outside the law, which would have led to his immediate arrest. While the Council debated in great confusion inside, Lucien Bonaparte takes Bonaparte outside, and tells the waiting soldiers that the deputies had tried to assassinate Bonaparte. The soldiers, furious, invade the meeting hall and chase out the deputies at the point of bayonets. In the absence of the opposition deputies, two parliamentary commissions name Bonaparte, Sieyès and Duclos as the provisional consuls of a new government.;;;11.10.1799;long (November 11-22) Bonaparte and the two other Provisional Consuls form a new government, Berthier as minister of War, Talleyrand in charge of foreign relations, Fouché as minister of Police, and Cambacérès as minister of Justice.;;;11.11.1799;long Bonaparte rejects a constitution proposed by Sieyès.;;;12.01.1799;long The Councils, now firmly under the control of Bonaparte, adopt the Constitution of the Year VIII. The new Consulate is formally established, with Bonaparte as First Consul, Cambacérès as Second Consul, and Charles-François Lebrun as Third Consul. Traditional histories mark this date as the end of the French Revolution .;;;12.24.1799;long