Editing HistoryTimelineLayer:Timeline of Roman history

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Timeline of Roman history
events:
[[Founding of Rome|Rome was founded]]. According to Roman legend, [[Romulus]] was the founder and first [[King of Rome]], establishing the [[Roman Kingdom]].;;;;04.21.-753;;
[[Numa Pompilius]] became the second King of Rome.;;;;-715;;
[[Tullus Hostilius]] became the third King of Rome.;;;;-673;;
[[Byzantium]] was founded by [[Megara|Megarian]] colonists.;;;;-667;;
[[Tullus Hostilius]] died.;;;;-642;;
The Curiate Assembly, one of the [[Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Kingdom|legislative assemblies of the Roman Kingdom]], elected [[Ancus Marcius]] King of Rome.;;;;-642;;
[[Ancus Marcius]] died.;;;;-617;;
The Curiate Assembly elected [[Lucius Tarquinius Priscus]] King of Rome.;;;;-616;;
[[Lucius Tarquinius Priscus]] was killed in a riot instigated by the sons of [[Ancus Marcius]].;;;;-579;;
The [[Senate of the Roman Kingdom|Senate]] accepted the [[regent]] [[Servius Tullius]] as [[king of Rome|king]] of Rome.;;;;-575;;
[[Servius Tullius]] was murdered by his daughter [[Tullia Minor]] and her husband [[Lucius Tarquinius Superbus]], who declared himself King of Rome on the steps of the ''[[Curia Hostilia]]''.;;;;-535;;
The [[Patrician (ancient Rome)|patrician]] [[Lucretia]] was raped by [[Lucius Tarquinius Superbus|Lucius Tarquinius Superbus']] son [[Sextus Tarquinius]].;;;;-509;;
''[[Overthrow of the Roman monarchy]]'': Following [[Lucretia|Lucretia's]] suicide, [[Lucius Junius Brutus]] called the Curiate Assembly, one of the [[Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Kingdom|legislative assemblies of the Roman Kingdom]]. The latter agreed to the overthrow and expulsion of [[Lucius Tarquinius Superbus]] and to a provisional constitution under which two [[Roman consul|consuls]] acted as a joint [[executive (government)|executive]] and a [[Curiate Assembly]] held legislative power, and swore never again to let a [[king of Rome|king]] rule Rome. It further elected Lucius Junius Brutus and [[Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus]], Lucretia's husband, as consuls.;;;;-509;;
''[[Battle of Silva Arsia]]'': [[Tarquinia]]n and [[Veii|Veientine]] forces loyal to [[Lucius Tarquinius Superbus]] were defeated in the [[Silva Arsia]] by a Roman army. [[Lucius Junius Brutus]] was killed. [[Publius Valerius Publicola]], returning to Rome with the spoils of war, was awarded the first [[Roman Triumph]] on March 1.;;;;-509;;
The [[Roman consul|consul]] [[Publius Valerius Publicola]] promulgated a number of liberal reforms, including opening the office of consul to all Roman citizens and placing the treasury under the administration of appointed [[quaestor]]s.;;;;-509;;
The [[Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus]] was ceremonially dedicated to the [[Capitoline Triad]].;;;;09.13.-509;;
''[[Roman–Etruscan Wars]]'': A [[Clusium|Clusian]] army failed to conquer [[Rome]].;;;;-508;;
In the face of a potential [[Sabines|Sabine]] invasion, the [[Roman Senate|Senate]] passed a ''[[senatus consultum]]'' authorizing the [[Roman consul|consuls]] to appoint a [[Roman dictator|dictator]], a magistrate who held absolute power during a national emergency. The dictator would in turn appoint the ''[[Magister equitum]]'', the commander of the [[Roman cavalry|cavalry]]. The consuls [[Titus Lartius]] and [[Postumus Cominius Auruncus]] selected the former as dictator.;;;;-501;;
''[[Battle of Lake Regillus]]'': [[Latin League]] invasion near modern [[Frascati]] which sought to reinstall [[Lucius Tarquinius Superbus]].;;;;-496;;
[[First secessio plebis|''First'' secessio plebis]]:;;;;-494;;
[[Lucius Sicinius Vellutus]], the ''[[plebs]]'' abandoned [[Rome]] for the nearby [[Monte Sacro]].;;;;-494;;
After a law allowing organization of the ''[[plebs]]'' [[Roman tribe|tribe]], the [[Plebeian Council]] was reorganized by tribes rather than [[curia]]e.;;;;-471;;
Under popular pressure, the [[Roman Senate|Senate]] increased the [[Tribune of the Plebs|tribunes of the ''plebs'']] from two to ten.;;;;-459;;
During the first dictatorship of [[Cincinnatus]], the [[Aequi]]ans staged an offensive, breaking a truce. Cincinnatus defeated the Aquians at the [[Battle of Mount Algidus]] and after a triumph, returned to his farm after sixteen days.;;;;-458;;
Resolutions of the [[Plebeian Council]] were given the full force of law subject to [[Roman Senate|Senate]] veto.;;;;-449;;
The second of two [[decemviri]], specially-elected ten man commissions, issued the last of the [[Twelve Tables]], the fundamental laws of the Republic.;;;;-449;;
The [[Tribal Assembly]] was established, and granted the right to elect [[quaestor]]s.;;;;-447;;
''[[Lex Canuleia]]:'' Marriage between [[Patrician (ancient Rome)|patricians]] and [[plebs|plebeians]] was legalized.;;;;-445;;
The offices of the ''[[Tribuni militum consulari potestate]]'' were established. A [[collegium (ancient Rome)|collegium]] of three [[patrician (ancient Rome)|patrician]] or [[plebs|plebeian]] [[tribune]]s, one each from specific [[Roman tribe]]s (the Titienses, the Ramnenses, and the Luceres), would hold the power of the [[Roman consul|consuls]] from year to year, subject to the [[Roman Senate|Senate]].;;;;-443;;
The office of the [[Roman censor|censor]], a [[patrician (ancient Rome)|patrician]] magistrate responsible for conducting the [[census]] in years without a [[Roman consul|consul]], was established.;;;;-443;;
Cincinnatus was called upon to accept a second dictatorship by the patricians to prevent [[Spurius Maelius]] from seizing power\; the patricians suspected Spurius of using wheat to purchase the support of the plebeians, to set himself up as a king. [[Gaius Servilius Ahala]] was appointed [[magister equitum]] in order to stop Maelius\; following an attack by Maelius, Ahala slew him. Cincinnatus again resigned his dictatorship and returned to his farm after 21 days.;;;;-439;;
[[Capture of Fidenae (435 BC)|Fidenae]], an important trade post on the Tiber, was captured from the Veii.;;;;-435;;
The ''[[Tribuni militum consulari potestate]]'' held office.;;;;-408;;
''[[Battle of Veii]]'': Roman forces led by the [[Roman dictator|dictator]] [[Marcus Furius Camillus]] conquered [[Veii]].;;;;-396;;
Roman soldiers first earned a salary ("salary" from Latin for "salt").;;;;-396;;
The [[Roman consul|consuls]] held office.;;;;-394;;
The ''[[Tribuni militum consulari potestate]]'' held office.;;;;-391;;
''[[Battle of the Allia]]'': The [[Senones]] routed a Roman force at the confluence of the rivers [[Allia]] and [[Tiber]].;;;;07.18.-390;;
The [[Senones]] sacked [[Rome]]. Among other artifacts, books were destroyed. The history of Rome up to this point had to be mostly reconstructed and is sometimes unreliable or mythological.;;;;-390;;
The [[Roman consul|consuls]] held office.;;;;-367;;
[[Lucius Sextius]] was elected the first [[plebs|plebeian]] [[Roman consul|consul]].;;;;-366;;
The office of ''[[Praetor]]'', which took the [[judiciary]] responsibilities of the [[Roman consul|consul]] and could be held only by a [[patrician (ancient Rome)|patrician]], was established.;;;;-366;;
The first [[plebs|plebeian]] [[Roman dictator|dictator]] was elected.;;;;-351;;
The first [[plebs|plebeian]] [[Roman censor|censor]] was elected.;;;;-351;;
''[[Samnite Wars]]'': Rome marched against the [[Samnites]], probably after an appeal from the [[Campanians]].;;;;-343;;
''[[Battle of Mount Gaurus]]'': A [[Samnites|Samnite]] force was routed by a Roman army near [[Mount Barbaro]].;;;;-343;;
The ''[[Leges Genuciae]]'' were passed, banning a person from holding two offices at the same time, or during any ten-year period\; charging interest on loans was also banned.;;;;-342;;
''Samnite Wars'': The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] agreed a peace, following an appeal by the [[Samnites|Samnite]] to a previous treaty of friendship.;;;;-341;;
''[[Latin War]]'': The [[Latin League]] invaded [[Samnium]].;;;;-340;;
A law was passed which required the election of at least one [[plebs|plebeian]] [[Roman censor|censor]] every five years.;;;;-339;;
''Latin War'': Rome defeated the [[Latin League]] armies.;;;;-338;;
The first [[plebs|plebeian]] ''[[Praetor]]'' was elected.;;;;-337;;
''Samnite Wars'': Rome declared war on the [[Samnites]] after their failure to prevent their subjects raiding [[Fregellae]].;;;;-328;;
''[[Battle of the Caudine Forks]]'': After being trapped in a mountain pass near [[Caudium]] without a water supply, Roman forces were allowed to retreat by a [[Samnites|Samnite]] army.;;;;-321;;
''[[Battle of Lautulae]]'': A decisive [[Samnites|Samnite]] victory near [[Terracina]] split Roman territory in two.;;;;-315;;
''Samnite Wars'': The [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscans]] laid siege to [[Sutri]].;;;;-311;;
''[[Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC)|Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC)]]'': Rome inflicted a substantial military defeat on the [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscans]] at [[Lake Vadimo]].;;;;-310;;
''Samnite Wars'': The [[Umbri]], [[Picentes]] and [[Marsi]] joined the [[Samnites]] against Rome.;;;;-308;;
The [[Hernici]] declared their independence from Rome.;;;;-306;;
Rome conquered the [[Aequi]].;;;;-304;;
''Samnite Wars'': The treaty of friendship between the Romans and [[Samnites]] was restored.;;;;-304;;
The ''[[Lex Ogulnia]]'' was passed, allowing [[plebs|plebeians]] to become priests.;;;;-300;;
''Samnite Wars'': Rome declared war on the [[Samnites]] after an appeal by the [[Lucani (ancient people)|Lucani]].;;;;-298;;
''Samnite Wars'': Rome captured the [[Samnites|Samnite]] cities of [[Bojano]] and [[Castel di Sangro]].;;;;-298;;
''[[Battle of Tifernum]]'': A Roman army defeated a numerically superior [[Samnites|Samnite]] force at [[Città di Castello]].;;;;-297;;
''[[Battle of Sentinum]]'': A Roman army decisively defeated a numerically superior force of [[Samnites]], [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscans]], [[Umbri]] and [[Senones]] in coalition at [[Sentinum]]. The [[Roman consul|consul]] [[Publius Decius Mus (consul 312 BC)|Publius Decius Mus (consul 312 BC)]] was killed.;;;;-295;;
''Samnite Wars'': Roman and [[Samnites|Samnite]] forces battled at [[Lucera]].;;;;-294;;
''[[Battle of Aquilonia]]'': A Roman army destroyed the majority of [[Samnites|Samnite]] forces, probably in modern [[Agnone]].;;;;-293;;
A census counted about 270,000 residents of Rome.;;;;-293;;
''Samnite Wars'': Rome conquered and colonized the [[Samnites|Samnite]] city of [[Venosa]].;;;;-291;;
''Samnite Wars'': The last effective [[Samnites|Samnite]] resistance was eliminated.;;;;-290;;
''[[Conflict of the Orders]]'': A ''[[secessio plebis]]'' took place.;;;;-287;;
''Conflict of the Orders'': The ''[[Lex Hortensia]]'' was passed, made resolutions of the [[Plebeian Council]] ([[plebiscites]]) binding on all Romans, they formally only applied to plebeians.;;;;-287;;
''[[Battle of Lake Vadimo (283 BC)|Battle of Lake Vadimo (283 BC)]]'': A Roman army defeated a combined force of [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscans]], [[Boii]] and [[Senones]] near [[Lake Vadimo]].;;;;-283;;
[[Taranto]] appealed to [[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirus]] for aid against Rome.;;;;-281;;
''[[Pyrrhic War]]'': An [[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirote]] army of some 25,000 landed at [[Taranto]].;;;;-280;;
''[[Battle of Heraclea]]'': A [[Magna Graecia|Greek]] coalition force led by the [[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirote]] king [[Pyrrhus of Epirus]] defeated a Roman army after their deployment of war elephants at [[Heraclea Lucania]].;;;;07.-280;;
''[[Battle of Asculum]]'': A [[Magna Graecia|Greek]] force led by the [[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirote]] king [[Pyrrhus of Epirus|Pyrrhus]] defeated a Roman army at modern [[Ascoli Satriano]], despite suffering heavy losses.;;;;-279;;
''[[Battle of Beneventum (275 BC)|Battle of Beneventum (275 BC)]]'': Roman and [[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirote]] armies met in a bloody battle at [[Benevento]].;;;;-275;;
''Pyrrhic War'': [[Pyrrhus of Epirus|Pyrrhus]] withdrew with his army to [[Epirus]].;;;;-272;;
''Pyrrhic War'': [[Taranto]] surrendered to Rome.;;;;-272;;
The number of [[quaestor]]s was raised from four to ten.;;;;-267;;
''[[Battle of Messana]]'': A Roman force defeated a [[Ancient Carthage|Carthaginian]] and [[Syracuse, Sicily|Siracusani]] garrison at [[Messina]].;;;;-264;;
The office of the ''praetor qui inter peregrinos ius dicit'', a ''[[Praetor]]'' with jurisdiction over foreigners, was created.;;;;-242;;
''[[First Punic War]]'': [[Sicily]] was organized as the [[Roman province|province]] of [[Sicilia (Roman province)|Sicilia]].;;;;-241;;
''[[Mercenary War]]'': [[Ancient Carthage|Carthage]] surrendered its claims on [[Sardinia]] and [[Corsica]] to Rome.;;;;-238;;
''[[Illyrian Wars]]'': Rome invaded the territory of the [[Ardiaei]].;;;;-229;;
''Illyrian Wars'': The [[Ardiaei]] surrendered some territory, including strategically significant ports, to Rome, ending the war.;;;;-228;;
''[[Battle of Telamon]]'': A Roman army decisively defeated a [[Gauls|Gallic]] invasion near modern [[Talamone]]. The [[Roman consul|consul]] [[Gaius Atilius Regulus]] was killed.;;;;-225;;
''Illyrian Wars'': Rome invaded [[Hvar]].;;;;-219;;
''[[Second Punic War]]'': A [[Ancient Carthage|Carthaginian]] army departed [[Cartagena, Spain|Cartagena]].;;;;-218;;
''Illyrian Wars'': [[Demetrius of Pharos]] fled to [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]].;;;;-218;;
''[[Battle of Cannae]]'': The [[Ancient Carthage|Carthaginian]] [[general officer|general]] [[Hannibal]] decisively defeated a numerically superior Roman force at [[Cannae]].;;;;08.02.-216;;
''[[First Macedonian War]]'': A [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonian]] fleet captured [[Oricum]].;;;;-214;;
''[[Siege of Syracuse (214–212 BC)|Siege of Syracuse (214–212 BC)]]'': Rome laid siege to [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]].;;;;-214;;
''Siege of Syracuse (214–212 BC)'': Roman forces breached the inner citadel of [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]] and slaughtered its inhabitants.;;;;-212;;
''First Macedonian War'': Rome and [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]] signed the [[Treaty of Phoenice]], according to which Macedonia renounced its alliance with [[Ancient Carthage|Carthage]] in exchange for Roman recognition of its gains in [[Illyria]].;;;;-205;;
''Second Punic War'': The [[Roman consul|consul]] [[Scipio Africanus]] landed an invasion fleet at [[Utica, Tunisia|Utica]].;;;;-204;;
''[[Battle of Zama]]'': A Roman army decisively defeated [[Ancient Carthage|Carthage]], probably near modern [[Sakiet Sidi Youssef]].;;;;10.19.-202;;
''Second Punic War'': [[Ancient Carthage|Carthage]] accepted Roman conditions for peace, including disarmament, a war indemnity of ten thousand talents, and the cession of [[Carthaginian Iberia|Iberia]], ending the war.;;;;-201;;
''[[Second Macedonian War]]'': A Roman fleet arrived in [[Illyria]] to relieve a [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonian]] siege of [[Abydos (Hellespont)|Abydos]].;;;;-200;;
The [[Roman province|provinces]] of [[Hispania Ulterior]] and [[Hispania Citerior]] were organized.;;;;-197;;
The number of [[quaestor]]s was increased to twelve.;;;;-197;;
The number of ''[[Praetor]]s'' was increased to six.;;;;-197;;
''Second Macedonian War'': [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]] surrendered its conquests in Greece and agreed to pay a war indemnity, ending the war.;;;;-196;;
''[[Roman–Seleucid War]]'': The [[Seleucid Empire]] invaded Greece.;;;;-192;;
''Roman–Seleucid War'': The [[Seleucid Empire]] signed the [[Treaty of Apamea]], under which it surrendered all territory west of the [[Taurus Mountains]] to the Roman [[client state|clients]] Rhodes and [[Attalid dynasty|Pergamon]] and agreed to disarm its navy and pay a war indemnity of fifteen thousand talents of silver to Rome.;;;;-188;;
The ''[[Lex Villia annalis]]'', which established minimum ages for high office and required a minimum of two years in private life between offices, was passed.;;;;-180;;
''[[Third Macedonian War]]'': Rome declared war on [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]].;;;;-172;;
''Third Macedonian War'': The [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonian]] [[king]] [[Perseus of Macedon]] was captured. Macedonia was divided into four districts subject to Rome.;;;;-167;;
''[[Lusitanian War]]'': The [[Lusitanians]] of [[Hispania Ulterior]] rebelled against Rome.;;;;-155;;
''[[Fourth Macedonian War]]'': An [[Andriscus]] rebelled against Rome, claiming to be [[Perseus of Macedon|Perseus's]] son and the rightful [[king]] of [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]].;;;;-150;;
''[[Third Punic War]]'': Rome declared war on [[Ancient Carthage|Carthage]].;;;;-149;;
The ''[[Lex Calpurnia]]'' was passed, establishing a ''[[Praetor]]''-led court to hear appeals against extortionate taxes levied by governors in the [[Roman province|provinces]].;;;;-149;;
''Fourth Macedonian War'': [[Andriscus]] was surrendered to Rome to be executed.;;;;-148;;
''Third Punic War'': Roman forces breached the city of [[Carthage]], burned it, and enslaved its surviving inhabitants.;;;;-146;;
''[[Achaean War]]'': Roman forces decisively defeated the armies of the [[Achaean League]] at [[Battle of Corinth (146;;;;-146;;
The [[Roman province|province]] of [[Macedonia (Roman province)|Macedonia]] was organized.;;;;-146;;
The [[Roman province|province]] of [[Africa (Roman province)|Africa]] was organized on captured [[Ancient Carthage|Carthaginian]] territory.;;;;-146;;
''Lusitanian War'': The [[Lusitanians|Lusitanian]] leader [[Viriatus]] was assassinated by his three [[ambassador]]s to Rome [[Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus]].;;;;-139;;
''[[Ballot laws of the Roman Republic|Lex Gabinia tabellaria]]'': required a secret ballot in elections of all magistrates.;;;;-139;;
The [[Tribune of the Plebs]] [[Tiberius Gracchus]] was beaten to death by a mob of [[Roman Senate|senators]] led by the ''[[Pontifex Maximus]]'' [[Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio (consul 138 BC)|Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio (consul 138 BC)]].;;;;-133;;
The [[Roman province|province]] of [[Gallia Narbonensis]] was organized.;;;;-121;;
The first ''[[Senatus consultum ultimum]]'' was passed, granting the [[Roman consul|consul]] [[Lucius Opimius]] emergency powers to defeat the partisans of [[Gaius Gracchus]].;;;;-121;;
''[[Jugurthine War]]'': Rome declared war on [[Numidia]].;;;;-112;;
[[Gaius Marius]] was elected [[Roman consul|consul]].;;;;-107;;
[[Gaius Marius|Marius]] instituted the [[Marian reforms]] of the [[military of ancient Rome|military]], among them the establishment of a standing army and the recruitment of non-property owners.;;;;-107;;
[[Gaius Marius|Marius]] was reelected [[Roman consul|consul]].;;;;-106;;
''Jugurthine War'': The [[Numidia]]n king [[Jugurtha]] was imprisoned in the [[Mamertine Prison]].;;;;-106;;
''[[Battle of Arausio]]'': A coalition of the [[Cimbri]] and [[Teutons]] inflicted a serious defeat on the Roman army at modern [[Orange, Vaucluse|Orange]]. Some hundred thousand Roman soldiers were killed.;;;;10.06.-105;;
[[Gaius Marius|Marius]] was elected [[Roman consul|consul]] for the first of three years in a row.;;;;-104;;
''[[Battle of Aquae Sextiae]]'': Rome decisively defeated the forces of the [[Teutons]] and [[Ambrones]] and killed some ninety thousand soldiers and civilians.;;;;-102;;
''[[Battle of Vercellae]]'': An invasion of Italy by the [[Cimbri]] was decisively defeated by a numerically inferior Roman force. Some hundred thousand Cimbri soldiers and civilians were killed along with their king [[Boiorix]].;;;;-101;;
[[Gaius Marius|Marius]] was elected [[Roman consul|consul]].;;;;-100;;
Assassins hired by [[Gaius Marius|Marius]]'s political allies [[Lucius Appuleius Saturninus]] and [[Gaius Servilius Glaucia]] beat to death [[Gaius Memmius (tribune)|Gaius Memmius]], a candidate for the [[Roman consul|consulship]].;;;;12.10.-100;;
''[[Social War (91–88 BC)|Social War (91–89 BC)]]'': The Roman [[client state|clients]] in Italy the [[Marsi]], the [[Paeligni]], the [[Vestini]], the [[Marrucini]], the [[Picentes]], the [[Frentani]], the [[Hirpini]], the [[Iapyges]], [[Pompeii]], [[Venosa]], [[Lucania]] and [[Samnium]] rebelled against Rome.;;;;-91;;
''[[Sulla's first civil war]]'': The [[Roman consul|consul]] [[Sulla]] led an army of his partisans across the [[pomerium]] into [[Rome]].;;;;-88;;
''Social War (91–89 BC)'': The war ended.;;;;-88;;
''[[First Mithridatic War]]'': Roman forces landed at [[Epirus]].;;;;-87;;
''First Mithridatic War'': A peace was agreed between Rome and [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]] under which the latter returned to its prewar borders.;;;;-85;;
''[[Sulla's second civil war]]'': [[Sulla]] landed with an army at [[Brindisi]].;;;;-83;;
''[[Second Mithridatic War]]'': The Roman [[general officer|general]] [[Lucius Licinius Murena (propraetor in Asia)|Lucius Licinius Murena]] invaded [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]].;;;;-83;;
''Sulla's second civil war'': [[Sulla]] was declared [[Roman dictator|dictator]].;;;;-82;;
''Second Mithridatic War'': [[Lucius Licinius Murena (propraetor in Asia)|Murena]] withdrew from [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]].;;;;-81;;
[[Sulla]] resigns [[Roman dictator|dictatorship]] after enacting numerous reforms in the same year.;;;;-81;;
Final [[Roman consul|consulship]] of [[Sulla]], he leaves Rome once the year is over.;;;;-80;;
'[[Sertorian War]]'': [[Quintus Sertorius]] landed on the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in support of a [[Lusitanians|Lusitanian]] rebellion.;;;;-80;;
''[[Third Mithridatic War]]'': [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]] invaded [[Bithynia]].;;;;-73;;
''[[Third Servile War]]'': Some seventy [[gladiator]]s, slaves of [[Lentulus Batiatus]] in [[Capua]], made a violent escape.;;;;-73;;
''Sertorian War'': [[Marcus Perpenna Vento]], by now the leader of the Romans in revolt in [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]], was executed by the general [[Pompey]].;;;;-72;;
''Third Servile War'': The slaves in rebellion were decisively defeated by Roman forces near [[Petelia]]. Their leader [[Spartacus]] was killed.;;;;-71;;
The last of the [[Cilician pirates]] were wiped out by [[Pompey]].;;;;-66;;
''Third Mithridatic War'': Defeated, the [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontic]] king [[Mithridates VI of Pontus]] ordered his friend and bodyguard to kill him.;;;;-63;;
''[[Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)|Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)]]'': [[Pompey]] conquered [[Jerusalem]] and entered the [[Holy of Holies]] of the [[Second Temple]].;;;;-63;;
[[Cicero]] was elected [[Roman consul|consul]].;;;;-63;;
''[[Second Catilinarian conspiracy]]'': A conspiracy led by the [[Roman Senate|senator]] [[Catiline]] to overthrow the Republic was exposed before the Senate. The five conspirators present were summarily executed in the [[Mamertine Prison]].;;;;-63;;
[[Pompey]] joined a political alliance, the so-called [[First Triumvirate]], with the [[Roman consul|consul]] [[Julius Caesar]] and the [[Roman censor|censor]] [[Marcus Licinius Crassus]].;;;;-60;;
[[Roman consul|Consulship]] of [[Julius Caesar]].;;;;-59;;
''[[Gallic Wars]]'': Roman forces barred the westward migration of the [[Helvetii]] across the [[Rhône]].;;;;-58;;
''[[Battle of Carrhae]]'': A [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] army decisively defeated a numerically superior Roman invasion force near [[Harran]]. [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]] was killed.;;;;05.06.-53;;
''Gallic Wars'': The last [[Gauls|Gaulish]] rebels were defeated.;;;;-50;;
''[[Caesar's Civil War]]'': [[Julius Caesar]] illegally crossed the [[Rubicon]] into Italy with his army.;;;;01.10.-49;;
''Caesar's Civil War'': [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]] landed at [[Durrës]] in pursuit of [[Pompey]] and his partisans the [[optimates]].;;;;01.04.-48;;
[[Julius Caesar|Caesar]] left Africa for [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]] in pursuit of [[Pompey]]'s sons [[Gnaeus Pompeius (son of Pompey the Great)|Gnaeus Pompeius]] and [[Sextus Pompey]].;;;;11.-46;;
''[[Assassination of Julius Caesar]]'': [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was assassinated in the [[Theatre of Pompey]] by a conspiracy of [[Roman Senate|senators]].;;;;03.15.-44;;
The ''[[Lex Titia]]'' was passed, granting the [[Second Triumvirate]] of Octavius (later known as [[Augustus]]), [[Mark Antony]] and [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)|Marcus Aemilius Lepidus]] the power to make and annul laws and appoint magistrates.;;;;11.27.-43;;
''[[Liberators' civil war]]'': [[Augustus]] and [[Mark Antony|Antony]] led some thirty [[Roman legion|legions]] to northern Greece in pursuit of [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s assassins [[Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger]] and [[Gaius Cassius Longinus]].;;;;-42;;
''Liberators' civil war'': Brutus committed suicide after being defeated in battle.;;;;10.23.-42;;
''[[Antony's Parthian War]]'': A campaign led by [[Mark Antony|Antony]] against the [[Parthian Empire]] ended in failure.;;;;-33;;
The [[Second Triumvirate]] expired.;;;;-33;;
''[[Battle of Actium]]'': Forces loyal to [[Augustus]] defeated [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and his lover [[Cleopatra]], [[queen regnant|queen]] of [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Egypt]], in a naval battle near [[Actium]].;;;;09.02.-31;;
''[[Final War of the Roman Republic]]'': [[Mark Antony|Antony]]'s forces defected to [[Augustus]]. He committed suicide.;;;;08.01.-30;;
[[Cleopatra]] committed suicide, probably in Roman custody and by snakebite.;;;;08.30.-30;;
The [[Roman province|province]] of [[Egypt (Roman province)|Egypt]] was organized. [[Augustus]] took the title [[pharaoh]].;;;;-30;;
[[Moesia]] was annexed to Rome.;;;;-29;;
''[[Cantabrian Wars]]'': Rome deployed some eighty thousand soldiers against the [[Cantabri]] in [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]].;;;;-29;;
The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] granted [[Augustus]] the titles ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'', majestic, and ''[[princeps]]'', first.;;;;01.16.-27;;
[[Augustus]] indicated his nephew [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (Julio-Claudian dynasty)]] as his chosen successor by marrying him to his only daughter [[Julia the Elder]].;;;;-25;;
The Roman [[client state|client]] [[Amyntas of Galatia]] died. [[Augustus]] organized his territory as the [[Roman province|province]] of [[Galatia (Roman province)|Galatia]].;;;;-25;;
Augustus' campaigns against the Cantabrians in [[Hispania Tarraconensis]], the [[Cantabrian Wars]], ended.;;;;-24;;
''[[Coinage reform of Augustus]]'': [[Augustus]] centralized the minting of and reformed the composition and value of the Roman currency.;;;;-23;;
[[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (Julio-Claudian dynasty)|Marcellus]] died.;;;;-23;;
[[Augustus]] married [[Julia the Elder|Julia]] to his [[general officer|general]] [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa]].;;;;-21;;
''Cantabrian Wars'': The last major combat operations ended. The [[Cantabri]] and [[Astures]] were pacified.;;;;-19;;
[[Augustus]] adopted the sons of [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa|Agrippa]] and [[Julia the Elder|Julia]], his grandsons [[Gaius Caesar]] and [[Lucius Caesar]], as his own sons.;;;;-17;;
[[Raetia]] and [[Noricum]] were conquered and annexed to Rome.;;;;-16;;
''[[Germanic Wars]]'': Roman forces crossed the [[Rhine]] into [[Germania]].;;;;-12;;
[[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa|Agrippa]] died of fever.;;;;-12;;
[[Augustus]] married [[Julia the Elder|Julia]] to his [[general officer|general]] and stepson [[Tiberius]].;;;;-11;;
The Roman [[general officer|general]] [[Nero Claudius Drusus]] died from injuries sustained falling from a horse.;;;;-9;;
Pannonia was annexed and incorporated into [[Illyricum (Roman province)|Illyricum]].;;;;-9;;
[[Augustus]] offered [[Tiberius]] [[tribune|tribunician]] power and ''[[imperium]]'' over the eastern half of the Empire. Tiberius refused, announcing his retirement to [[Rhodes]].;;;;-6;;
[[Augustus]] was acclaimed ''[[Pater Patriae]]'', father of the country, by the [[Roman Senate|Senate]].;;;;-2;;
[[Augustus]] convicted [[Julia the Elder|Julia]] of adultery and treason, annulled her marriage to [[Tiberius]], and exiled her with her mother [[Scribonia (wife of Augustus)|Scribonia]] to [[Ventotene]].;;;;-2;;
[[Lucius Caesar]] died of a sudden illness.;;;;08.20.2;;
[[Augustus]] allowed [[Tiberius]] to return to [[Rome]] as a private citizen.;;;;2;;
[[Gaius Caesar]] died in [[Lycia]] from wounds suffered in battle.;;;;02.21.4;;
[[Augustus]] adopted [[Tiberius]] as his son and granted him [[tribune|tribunician]] power.;;;;4;;
[[Augustus]] deposed [[Herod Archelaus]], [[ethnarch]] in [[Samaria]], [[Judea]] and Idumea, and organized the [[Roman province|province]] of [[Judea (Roman province)|Judea]] on his territories.;;;;6;;
''[[Bellum Batonianum]]'': The Daesitiates, an [[Illyrians|Illyrian]] people, rose up against Roman authority in [[Illyricum (Roman province)|Illyricum]].;;;;6;;
''Bellum Batonianum'': The Daesitiate [[tribal chief|chieftain]] [[Bato (Daesitiate chieftain)]] surrendered to Roman forces.;;;;9;;
''[[Battle of the Teutoburg Forest]]'': A coalition of [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] forces ambushed and destroyed three Roman [[Roman legion|legions]] in the [[Teutoburg Forest]]. [[Publius Quinctilius Varus]], the commander of Roman forces in [[Germania]], committed suicide.;;;;09.9;;
[[Tiberius]] assumed command of Roman forces in [[Germania]].;;;;10;;
[[Illyricum (Roman province)|Illyricum]] was divided into the [[Roman province|provinces]] of [[Pannonia]] and [[Dalmatia (Roman province)|Dalmatia]].;;;;10;;
[[Tiberius]] was granted power equal to [[Augustus]] as co-''[[princeps]]''.;;;;13;;
[[Augustus]] died.;;;;08.19.14;;
[[Germanicus]], son of [[Nero Claudius Drusus]] and adoptive son of [[Tiberius]], was appointed commander of Roman forces in [[Germania]].;;;;14;;
[[Germanicus]] and [[Tiberius|Tiberius's]] natural son [[Drusus Julius Caesar]] were sent to suppress mutinies in [[Germania]] and [[Pannonia]], respectively.;;;;14;;
[[Lucius Seius Strabo]] was appointed [[Roman governor|governor]] of [[Egypt (Roman province)|Egypt]]. His son [[Sejanus]] remained as the sole [[Praetorian prefect|prefect]] of the [[Praetorian Guard]].;;;;15;;
''[[Battle of the Weser River]]'': A Roman army led by [[Germanicus]] decisively defeated a [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] force on the [[Weser]].;;;;16;;
[[Archelaus of Cappadocia]], [[king]] in [[Cappadocia]] and a Roman [[client state|client]], died. [[Tiberius]] annexed his territory, organizing it as the [[Roman province|province]] of [[Cappadocia (Roman province)|Cappadocia]].;;;;17;;
[[Antiochus III of Commagene]], [[king]] of [[Kingdom of Commagene|Commagene]] and a Roman [[client state|client]], died. [[Tiberius]] annexed his territory to the [[Roman province|province]] of [[Roman Syria|Syria]].;;;;17;;
[[Tiberius]] granted [[Germanicus]] ''[[imperium]]'' over the eastern half of the Empire.;;;;18;;
[[Germanicus]] died in [[Antioch]], possibly after being poisoned on [[Tiberius|Tiberius's]] orders.;;;;10.10.19;;
[[Tiberius]] granted [[Drusus Julius Caesar]] [[tribune|tribunician]] power, marking him as his choice as successor.;;;;22;;
[[Drusus Julius Caesar]] died, possibly after being poisoned by [[Sejanus]] or his wife [[Livilla]].;;;;09.14.23;;
[[Tiberius]] retired to [[Capri]], leaving [[Sejanus]] in control of Rome through his office.;;;;26;;
The [[Frisii]] hanged their Roman tax collectors and expelled the governor.;;;;28;;
[[Livia]], [[Augustus|Augustus's]] widow and [[Tiberius|Tiberius's]] mother, died.;;;;29;;
[[Sejanus]] was executed on [[Tiberius|Tiberius's]] orders.;;;;10.18.31;;
[[Tiberius]] invited [[Germanicus|Germanicus's]] son [[Caligula]] to join him on [[Capri]].;;;;31;;
[[Tiberius]] died. His will left his offices jointly to [[Caligula]] and [[Drusus Julius Caesar|Drusus Julius Caesar's]] son, his grandson [[Tiberius Gemellus]].;;;;03.16.37;;
[[Tiberius Gemellus]] was murdered on [[Caligula|Caligula's]] orders.;;;;38;;
[[Ptolemy of Mauretania]], [[king]] of [[Mauretania]] and a Roman [[client state|client]], was murdered on [[Caligula|Caligula's]] orders during a state visit to [[Rome]]. His slave [[Aedemon]] rose in revolt against Roman rule.;;;;40;;
The [[general officer|general]] [[Gaius Suetonius Paulinus]] was appointed to suppress the rebellion in [[Mauretania]].;;;;41;;
[[Caligula]] was assassinated by the [[centurion]] [[Cassius Chaerea]].;;;;01.24.41;;
The [[Praetorian Guard]] acclaimed [[Nero Claudius Drusus|Nero Claudius Drusus's]] son [[Claudius]] ''[[princeps]]''.;;;;01.24.41;;
[[Claudius]] restored the [[Judea (Roman province)|Judean]] monarchy under [[king]] [[Herod Agrippa]].;;;;41;;
The territory of the former [[Mauretania]] was organized into the [[Roman province|provinces]] of [[Mauretania Caesariensis]] and [[Mauretania Tingitana]].;;;;42;;
''[[Roman conquest of Britain]]'': The [[Roman Senate|senator]] [[Aulus Plautius]] led four [[Roman legion|legions]] into [[Great Britain]] in support of [[king]] [[Verica]] of the [[Atrebates]].;;;;43;;
Claudius annexed [[Lycia]] into the Empire as a [[Roman province|province]].;;;;43;;
The [[Odrysian kingdom|Odrysian]] [[king]] [[Rhoemetalces III]], a Roman [[client state|client]], was killed by anti-Roman insurgents.;;;;46;;
[[Odrysian kingdom|Odrysia]] was incorporated into the Empire as the [[Roman province|province]] of [[Thracia]].;;;;46;;
[[Claudius|Claudius's]] wife [[Messalina]] was executed for conspiracy.;;;;48;;
[[Claudius]] appointed [[Herod Agrippa|Herod Agrippa's]] son [[Herod Agrippa II]] [[king]] of [[Judea (Roman province)|Judea]].;;;;48;;
[[Claudius]] married his niece, [[Germanicus|Germanicus's]] daughter [[Agrippina the Younger]].;;;;49;;
[[Claudius]] adopted [[Agrippina the Younger|Agrippina's]] son [[Nero]] as his own son.;;;;50;;
[[Claudius]] died. [[Nero]] succeeded him as ''[[princeps]]''.;;;;10.13.54;;
[[Claudius|Claudius's]] young natural son [[Britannicus]] died, probably by poison.;;;;02.11.55;;
''[[Roman–Parthian War of 58–63|Roman–Parthian War of 58–63]]'': Roman forces attacked [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenia]] in support of their preferred [[king]] [[Tigranes VI of Armenia]] against the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] candidate [[Tiridates I of Armenia]].;;;;58;;
[[Agrippina the Younger|Agrippina]] died, probably murdered by her son [[Nero]].;;;;03.23.59;;
[[Boudica]], a [[queen regnant|queen]] of the [[Iceni]], was appointed to lead a revolt of the Iceni and the [[Trinovantes]] against Rome.;;;;60;;
''[[Battle of Watling Street]]'': Some eighty thousand soldiers and civilians among the [[Iceni]] and [[Trinovantes]] were killed, probably in the modern [[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]], ending [[Boudica|Boudica's]] revolt.;;;;61;;
''Roman–Parthian War of 58–63'': The Roman and [[Parthian Empire]]s agreed that [[Tiridates I of Armenia|Tiridates]] and his descendants would remain [[king]]s of [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenia]] as Roman [[client state|clients]], ending the war.;;;;63;;
''[[Great Fire of Rome]]'': A fire began which would cause massive property damage and loss of life over six days in [[Rome]].;;;;07.18.64;;
[[Nero]] began construction of his large and extravagant villa the [[Domus Aurea]].;;;;64;;
''[[Pisonian conspiracy]]'': [[Nero]] was informed of a broad conspiracy to assassinate him and appoint the [[Roman Senate|senator]] [[Gaius Calpurnius Piso]] leader of Rome.;;;;04.19.65;;
''[[First Jewish–Roman War]]'': The [[Jews|Jewish]] population of [[Judea (Roman province)|Judea]] revolted against Roman rule.;;;;66;;
[[Nero]], then in hiding in the villa of the [[freedman]] [[Phaon (freedman)]], was notified that the [[Roman Senate|Senate]] had declared him an enemy of the state and ordered him brought to the [[Roman Forum|Forum]] to be publicly beaten to death. He ordered his secretary [[Epaphroditos]] to kill him.;;;;06.09.68;;
The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] accepted [[Galba]], [[Roman governor|governor]] of [[Hispania Tarraconensis]], as ruler of Rome.;;;;06.09.68;;
''[[Zealot Temple Siege]]'': The forces of [[Ananus ben Ananus]], the [[Judaism|Jewish]] former [[High Priest of Israel]], laid siege to the [[Zealots (Judea)|Zealots]] in the [[Second Temple]].;;;;68;;
The [[Praetorian Guard]] assassinated [[Galba]] and acclaimed [[Otho]] ruler of Rome.;;;;01.15.69;;
Following his defeat by [[Vitellius]], the commander of the Roman army on the lower [[Rhine]], near modern [[Calvatone]], and to prevent further civil war, [[Otho]] committed suicide.;;;;04.16.69;;
''[[Revolt of the Batavi]]'': [[Gaius Julius Civilis]], commander of the [[Batavi (Germanic tribe)|Batavi]] auxiliaries in the [[Rhine]] [[Roman legion|legions]], turned against Rome.;;;;69;;
The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] recognized [[Vespasian]], the commander of Roman forces in [[Egypt (Roman province)|Egypt]] and [[Judea (Roman province)|Judea]], as ruler of Rome.;;;;12.69;;
[[Vitellius]] was executed in [[Rome]] by troops loyal to [[Vespasian]].;;;;12.22.69;;
''Revolt of the Batavi'': Following a series of battlefield reversals, [[Gaius Julius Civilis|Civilis]] accepted peace terms from the Roman [[general officer|general]] [[Quintus Petillius Cerialis]].;;;;70;;
''[[Siege of Jerusalem ({70 CE})]]'': The Roman [[general officer|general]] [[Titus]] breached the walls of [[Jerusalem]], sacked the city and destroyed the [[Second Temple]].;;;;09.70;;
''Roman conquest of Britain'': Roman forces entered modern [[Scotland]].;;;;71;;
''[[Siege of Masada]]'': Roman forces breached the walls of [[Masada]], a mountain fortress held by the [[Judaism|Jewish]] extremist sect the [[Sicarii]].;;;;04.16.73;;
[[Gnaeus Julius Agricola]] was appointed [[Roman consul|consul]] and [[Roman governor|governor]] of [[Roman Britain|Britain]].;;;;77;;
[[Vespasian]] died. He was succeeded by his son [[Titus]].;;;;06.23.79;;
''[[Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79|Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79]]'': [[Mount Vesuvius]] erupted, destroying the cities of [[Pompeii]] and [[Herculaneum]].;;;;08.24.79;;
[[Rome]] was partially destroyed by fire.;;;;80;;
The [[Colosseum]] was completed.;;;;03.80;;
[[Titus]] died of fever. He was succeeded by his younger brother [[Domitian]].;;;;09.13.81;;
[[Gnaeus Julius Agricola|Agricola]] was recalled to [[Rome]].;;;;85;;
''[[Domitian's Dacian War]]'': The [[Dacia]]n [[king]] [[Decebalus]] invaded [[Moesia]].;;;;86;;
''Domitian's Dacian War'': [[Decebalus]] agreed to return all Roman prisoners of war and accept his status as a Roman [[client state|client]] in exchange for an annual subsidy of eight million [[sestertius|sestertii]], ending the war.;;;;88;;
[[Lucius Antonius Saturninus]], [[Roman governor|governor]] of [[Germania Superior]], revolted against [[Domitian|Domitian's]] rule.;;;;01.01.89;;
[[Lucius Antonius Saturninus|Saturninus]] was executed.;;;;89;;
[[Domitian]] was assassinated by members of the royal household.;;;;09.18.96;;
[[Nerva]] was declared ruler of Rome by the [[Roman Senate|Senate]].;;;;09.18.96;;
[[Nerva]] adopted the [[general officer|general]] and former [[Roman consul|consul]] [[Trajan]] as his son.;;;;97;;
[[Nerva]] died. [[Trajan]] succeeded him.;;;;01.27.98;;
''[[First Dacian War]]'': Rome invaded Dacia.;;;;101;;
''[[Second Battle of Tapae]]'': [[Dacia]]n forces retreated from contact with the Romans at [[Tapae]].;;;;09.101;;
''First Dacian War'': The [[Dacia]]n [[king]] [[Decebalus]] reaffirmed his loyalty to Rome, ending the war.;;;;102;;
''[[Second Dacian War]]'': [[Trajan]] responded to the resumption of raids on Roman settlements in [[Moesia]] by invading [[Dacia]].;;;;105;;
''[[Battle of Sarmisegetusa]]'': Roman forces breached the [[Dacia]]n capital [[Sarmizegetusa Regia]]. The Dacian [[king]] [[Decebalus]] escaped to the east.;;;;106;;
The [[Nabatean kingdom|Nabatean]] [[king]] [[Rabbel II Soter]] died.;;;;106;;
[[Nabatean kingdom|Nabatea]] was annexed to the Roman empire as the [[Roman province|province]] of [[Arabia Petraea]].;;;;03.22.106;;
''Second Dacian War'': The [[Dacia]]n [[king]] [[Decebalus]] committed suicide in his fortification at [[Ranisstorum]] to avoid capture.;;;;106;;
The [[Roman province|province]] of [[Roman Dacia|Dacia]] was organized.;;;;107;;
[[Trajan's Forum]] was inaugurated.;;;;112;;
''Roman–Parthian Wars'': [[Trajan]] launched an expedition against [[Parthian Empire|Parthia]].;;;;113;;
[[Trajan's Column]] was erected in [[Trajan's Forum]] to commemorate the victory over [[Dacia]].;;;;113;;
[[Trajan]] deposed the [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenian]] [[king]] [[Parthamasiris of Armenia]], a Roman [[client state|client]], and organized the [[Roman province|province]] of [[Roman Armenia|Armenia]] on his territory.;;;;114;;
''[[Kitos War]]'': The [[Jews]] in [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]] rose up against Roman authority.;;;;115;;
The [[Roman province|provinces]] of [[Mesopotamia (Roman province)|Mesopotamia]] and [[Assyria (Roman province)|Assyria]] were organized on territory conquered from [[Parthian Empire|Parthia]].;;;;116;;
[[Trajan]] captured the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] capital [[Ctesiphon]] and deposed its [[shah]] [[Osroes I]] in favor of his son [[Parthamaspates of Parthia]].;;;;116;;
''Kitos War'': Roman forces captured the rebel stronghold of [[Lod]] and executed many of its inhabitants.;;;;117;;
[[Trajan]] died.;;;;08.08.117;;
The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] accepted the [[general officer|general]] [[Hadrian]] as ruler of Rome, following the appearance of documents indicating he had been adopted by [[Trajan]].;;;;08.10.117;;
[[Osroes I]] deposed his son [[Parthamaspates of Parthia]] and replaced him as [[shah]] of [[Parthian Empire|Parthia]].;;;;117;;
[[Hadrian]] withdrew from the territories of [[Roman Armenia|Armenia]], [[Assyria (Roman province)|Assyria]] and [[Mesopotamia (Roman province)|Mesopotamia]], allowing the return of their respective [[client state|client]] monarchies.;;;;118;;
A rebellion took place in [[Roman Britain|Britain]].;;;;119;;
The construction of [[Hadrian's Wall]] at the northern border of [[Roman Britain|Britain]] began.;;;;122;;
[[Hadrian]] arrived in [[Mauretania]] to suppress a local revolt.;;;;123;;
[[Hadrian]] travelled to [[Roman Greece|Greece]].;;;;124;;
[[Hadrian]] returned to [[Rome]].;;;;126;;
The rebuilt [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]] was dedicated to [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa|Agrippa]], its original builder.;;;;126;;
''[[Bar Kokhba revolt]]'': [[Simon bar Kokhba]], believed by his followers to be the [[Messiah in Judaism|Messiah]], launched a revolt against Roman authority in [[Judea (Roman province)|Judea]].;;;;132;;
''Bar Kokhba revolt'': The revolt ended at a cost of tens of thousands of Roman soldiers and some six hundred thousand [[Judaism|Jewish]] rebels and civilians, including [[Simon bar Kokhba|bar Kokhba]], killed. [[Judea (Roman province)|Judea]] and [[Roman Syria|Syria]] were combined into the single [[Roman province|province]] of [[Syria Palaestina]].;;;;135;;
[[Hadrian]] adopted [[Lucius Aelius]] as his son and successor.;;;;136;;
[[Lucius Aelius]] died.;;;;01.01.138;;
[[Hadrian]] adopted [[Antoninus Pius]] as his son and successor and granted him [[tribune|tribunician]] power and ''[[imperium]]'', on the condition that he in turn adopt [[Marcus Aurelius]] and [[Lucius Verus]] as his sons.;;;;02.25.138;;
[[Hadrian]] died, probably from failure.;;;;07.10.138;;
[[Antoninus Pius|Antoninus]] succeeded [[Hadrian]].;;;;07.11.138;;
''Roman conquest of Britain'': Roman forces invaded modern [[Scotland]] under the command of the [[Roman Britain|British]] [[Roman governor|governor]] [[Quintus Lollius Urbicus]].;;;;141;;
The construction of the [[Antonine Wall]] at the northern border of [[Roman Britain|Britain]] began.;;;;142;;
[[Antoninus Pius|Antoninus]] died. He was succeeded by [[Marcus Aurelius|Marcus]] and [[Lucius Verus]].;;;;03.07.161;;
''[[Roman–Parthian War of 161–166|Roman–Parthian War of 161–166]]'': The [[Parthian Empire]] deposed the [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenian]] [[king]] [[Sohaemus of Armenia]], a Roman client, and installed [[Bakur]].;;;;161;;
''[[Antonine Plague]]'': A pandemic, probably of smallpox or measles, began which would kill some five million people throughout the Roman Empire.;;;;165;;
''Roman–Parthian War of 161–166'': Roman forces sacked the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] capital [[Ctesiphon]].;;;;166;;
[[Lucius Verus]] died of disease, leaving [[Marcus Aurelius|Marcus]] the sole ruler of Rome.;;;;169;;
''[[Marcomannic Wars]]'': A coalition of [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] tribes led by the [[Marcomanni]] invaded the Roman Empire across the [[Danube]].;;;;169;;
''Marcomannic Wars'': Rome and the [[Iazyges]] signed a treaty under which the latter agreed to return Roman prisoners of war and supply troops to the [[Auxilia]], ending the war.;;;;175;;
[[Marcus Aurelius|Marcus]] named his natural son [[Commodus]] co-ruler with himself.;;;;177;;
[[Marcus Aurelius|Marcus]] died.;;;;03.17.180;;
''Antonine Plague'': The pandemic ended.;;;;180;;
The [[Antonine Wall]] was abandoned by Roman forces.;;;;184;;
[[Commodus]] was strangled to death.;;;;12.31.192;;
The [[Praetorian Guard]] acclaimed the [[Roman consul|consul]] [[Pertinax]] ruler of Rome at the [[Castra Praetoria]].;;;;01.01.193;;
[[Pertinax]] was assassinated by the [[Praetorian Guard]].;;;;03.28.193;;
The [[Praetorian Guard]] acclaimed the former [[Roman consul|consul]] [[Didius Julianus]], who had provided the highest bid, ruler of Rome.;;;;03.28.193;;
[[Pescennius Niger]], the ''[[legatus Augusti pro praetore]]'' of [[Syria Palaestina]], was proclaimed ruler of Rome by his [[Roman legion|legions]].;;;;04.09.193;;
The [[Legio XIV Gemina]] acclaimed its commander [[Septimius Severus]] ruler of Rome at [[Carnuntum]].;;;;04.14.193;;
The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] recognized [[Septimius Severus]] as ruler of Rome and sentenced [[Didius Julianus|Julianus]] to death.;;;;05.193;;
''[[Battle of Issus (194)|Battle of Issus (194)]]'': [[Pescennius Niger|Niger's]] forces were decisively defeated by the armies of [[Septimius Severus]] at [[Issus (town)|Issus]].;;;;194;;
[[Clodius Albinus]], the commander of Roman troops in [[Roman Britain|Britain]] and [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]], took the title ''Imperator Caesar Decimus Clodius Septimius Albinus Augustus''.;;;;196;;
''[[Battle of Lugdunum]]'': [[Septimius Severus]] and [[Clodius Albinus|Albinus]] met in battle at [[Lugdunum]].;;;;02.19.197;;
[[Clodius Albinus|Albinus]] committed suicide or was killed.;;;;02.19.197;;
''Roman–Parthian Wars'': [[Septimius Severus]] sacked the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] capital [[Ctesiphon]].;;;;197;;
[[Septimius Severus]] appointed his eldest natural son [[Caracalla]] co-ruler with himself.;;;;198;;
''[[Roman invasion of Caledonia 208–210|Roman invasion of Caledonia 208–210]]'': [[Septimius Severus]] invaded modern [[Scotland]].;;;;208;;
[[Septimius Severus]] named his youngest natural son [[Publius Septimius Geta]] co-ruler with himself and [[Caracalla]].;;;;209;;
[[Septimius Severus]] died.;;;;02.04.211;;
''Roman invasion of Caledonia 208–210'': [[Caracalla]] ended the campaign.;;;;211;;
[[Publius Septimius Geta|Geta]] was murdered in his mother's arms by members of the [[Praetorian Guard]] loyal to [[Caracalla]].;;;;12.26.211;;
[[Constitutio Antoniniana]] was an edict issued by [[Caracalla]] declaring that all free men in the Roman Empire were to be given full Roman citizenship and that all free women in the Empire were to be given the same rights as Roman men.;;;;212;;
[[Caracalla]] was assassinated by a member of his bodyguard.;;;;04.08.217;;
The [[Praetorian Guard]] acclaimed their [[Praetorian prefect|prefect]] [[Macrinus]] ruler of Rome.;;;;04.08.217;;
[[Macrinus]] was captured and executed by an army loyal to [[Elagabalus]], supposedly the illegitimate son of [[Caracalla]].;;;;06.08.218;;
[[Elagabalus]] was assassinated by the [[Praetorian Guard]], which installed his young cousin [[Severus Alexander]] as ruler of Rome.;;;;03.11.222;;
''[[Roman–Persian Wars]]'': The [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] [[shah]] [[Ardashir I]] invaded [[Mesopotamia (Roman province)|Mesopotamia]] and Syria.;;;;230;;
''Roman–Persian Wars'': [[Severus Alexander|Alexander]] repelled the [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] invasion.;;;;232;;
[[Severus Alexander|Alexander]] was killed in a mutiny of the [[Legio XXII Primigenia]] at [[Mainz]].;;;;03.19.235;;
The army elected [[Maximinus Thrax]], commander of the [[Legio IV Italica]], ruler of Rome.;;;;03.20.235;;
[[Gordian I]], [[Roman governor|governor]] of [[Africa (Roman province)|Africa]], accepted the rule of Rome at the urging of rebels in his [[Roman province|province]]. He appointed his son [[Gordian II]] to rule jointly with him.;;;;03.22.238;;
The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] accepted [[Gordian I]] and [[Gordian II]] as rulers of Rome.;;;;04.02.238;;
''[[Battle of Carthage (238)|Battle of Carthage (238)]]'': Forces loyal to [[Gordian I]] and [[Gordian II]] were defeated by the army of [[Capelianus]], the [[Roman governor|governor]] of [[Numidia]], who claimed fealty to [[Maximinus Thrax|Maximinus]]. Gordian II was killed. Gordian I committed suicide.;;;;04.238;;
The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] elected two senators, [[Pupienus]] and [[Balbinus]], as joint rulers of the Empire.;;;;04.22.238;;
Facing popular opposition to [[Pupienus]] and [[Balbinus]], the [[Roman Senate|Senate]] gave [[Gordian I|Gordian I's]] young grandson [[Gordian III]] the title [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]].;;;;04.22.238;;
[[Maximinus Thrax|Maximinus]] was murdered with his son during a mutiny of the [[Legio II Parthica]] at [[Aquileia]].;;;;05.238;;
[[Pupienus]] and [[Balbinus]] were tortured and murdered by the [[Praetorian Guard]] in their barracks.;;;;07.29.238;;
''[[Battle of Resaena]]'': Roman forces defeated the [[Sasanian Empire]] at [[Resaena]].;;;;243;;
''[[Battle of Misiche]]'': The [[Sasanian Empire]] decisively defeated a Roman force at Misiche, near modern [[Fallujah]]. [[Gordian III]] was killed, probably by a fellow Roman. He was succeeded by [[Philip the Arab]], the [[Praetorian prefect|prefect]] of the [[Praetorian Guard]], who was forced to cede [[Mesopotamia (Roman province)|Mesopotamia]] and [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenia]] to the Sasanian Empire.;;;;244;;
[[Philip the Arab|Philip]] was killed at [[Verona, Italy|Verona]] in battle with [[Decius]], commander of Roman forces in Pannonia and [[Moesia]].;;;;249;;
[[Decius]] appointed his natural son [[Herennius Etruscus]] co-ruler of Rome jointly with himself.;;;;251;;
''[[Battle of Abritus]]'': Roman forces were dealt a bloody defeat by the [[Goths]] near modern [[Razgrad]]. [[Decius]] and [[Herennius Etruscus|Herennius]] were killed.;;;;251;;
The armies of the [[Danube]] region acclaimed their commander [[Trebonianus Gallus]] ruler of Rome.;;;;251;;
The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] recognized [[Decius|Decius's]] son [[Hostilian]] as ruler of Rome. [[Trebonianus Gallus|Gallus]] adopted [[Hostilian]] as his son.;;;;251;;
''[[Plague of Cyprian]]'': [[Hostilian]] died, probably of plague.;;;;251;;
[[Trebonianus Gallus|Gallus]] appointed his natural son [[Volusianus]] co-ruler jointly with himself.;;;;251;;
''[[Battle of Barbalissos]]'': A [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] force destroyed a Roman army at [[Barbalissos]].;;;;253;;
[[Trebonianus Gallus|Gallus]] and [[Volusianus]] were killed in a mutiny at [[Terni]]. The army acclaimed [[Aemilianus]], [[Roman governor|governor]] of Pannonia and [[Moesia]], ruler of Rome.;;;;08.253;;
[[Aemilianus]] was killed by his own soldiers in the face of the army of the [[general officer|general]] [[Valerian (emperor)]].;;;;253;;
[[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]] gave his son [[Gallienus]] the title [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]].;;;;10.22.253;;
The [[Sasanian Empire]] conquered and sacked [[Antioch]].;;;;256;;
[[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]] reconquered [[Antioch]].;;;;257;;
The [[Goths]] invaded [[Asia Minor]].;;;;258;;
Death of [[Dacian kings|Dacian]] king [[Regalianus]] that became Roman emperor for a brief period.;;;;260;;
[[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]] was taken prisoner by the [[Sasanian Empire]] during truce negotiations.;;;;260;;
The [[general officer|general]] [[Postumus]] was declared ruler of Rome in the [[Gallic Empire]].;;;;09.260;;
[[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]] died in captivity.;;;;264;;
[[Odaenathus]], the [[king]] of [[Palmyra]] and a Roman [[client state|client]], was assassinated. His widow [[Zenobia]] took power as [[regent]] for their son [[Vaballathus]].;;;;267;;
[[Gallienus]] was murdered by his soldiers during a siege of [[Pontirolo Nuovo]].;;;;268;;
The [[general officer|general]] [[Claudius Gothicus]] was declared ruler of Rome by his soldiers.;;;;09.268;;
[[Postumus]] was killed by his soldiers, who in turn acclaimed one of their own, [[Marcus Aurelius Marius]], [[emperor]] of the [[Gallic Empire]].;;;;269;;
[[Marcus Aurelius Marius|Marius]] was murdered by [[Victorinus]], formerly [[Praetorian prefect|prefect]] of [[Postumus|Postumus's]] [[Praetorian Guard]], who replaced him as [[emperor]] of the [[Gallic Empire]].;;;;269;;
[[Zenobia]] conquered [[Egypt (Roman province)|Egypt]].;;;;269;;
''[[Battle of Naissus]]'': Roman forces decisively defeated the [[Goths]] at modern [[Niš]], stalling an invasion of the [[Balkans]].;;;;269;;
[[Claudius Gothicus]] died. He was succeeded by his brother [[Quintillus]].;;;;01.270;;
[[Quintillus]] died at [[Aquileia]].;;;;04.270;;
[[Aurelian]] became ruler of Rome.;;;;09.270;;
''[[Battle of Fano]]'': A Roman force defeated the [[Juthungi]] on the [[Metauro]].;;;;271;;
[[Victorinus]] was murdered by an officer he had cuckolded.;;;;271;;
[[Tetricus I]], ''[[praeses]]'' of [[Gallia Aquitania]] was acclaimed [[emperor]] of the [[Gallic Empire]]. He appointed his natural son [[Tetricus II]] to rule jointly with him.;;;;271;;
[[Zenobia]] was arrested ''en route'' to refuge in the [[Sasanian Empire]].;;;;272;;
[[Palmyra]] rebelled against Roman authority and was destroyed.;;;;273;;
''[[Battle of Châlons (274)|Battle of Châlons (274)]]'': [[Aurelian]] defeated the forces of [[Tetricus I]] and [[Tetricus II]] at modern [[Châlons-en-Champagne]].;;;;274;;
[[Aurelian]] was murdered by the [[Praetorian Guard]].;;;;09.275;;
The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] elected [[Tacitus (emperor)]] ruler of Rome.;;;;09.25.275;;
[[Tacitus (emperor)|Tacitus]] died.;;;;06.276;;
[[Marcus Aurelius Probus]], commander of Roman forces in the east and [[Tacitus (emperor)|Tacitus's]] half-brother, was acclaimed ruler of Rome by his troops.;;;;276;;
[[Florianus]], [[Praetorian prefect|prefect]] of the [[Praetorian Guard]] and commander of Roman forces in the west, was acclaimed ruler of Rome by his troops.;;;;276;;
[[Florianus]] was assassinated near [[Tarsus, Mersin|Tarsus]] by his troops following a defeat at the hands of [[Marcus Aurelius Probus|Probus]].;;;;09.276;;
[[Marcus Aurelius Probus|Probus]] launched a campaign against the [[Vandals]] in [[Illyricum (Roman province)|Illyricum]].;;;;279;;
The [[Praetorian Guard]] elected their [[Praetorian prefect|prefect]] [[Carus]] ruler of Rome.;;;;282;;
[[Marcus Aurelius Probus|Probus]] was assassinated.;;;;282;;
[[Carus]] gave his sons [[Carinus]] and [[Numerian]] the title [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]].;;;;282;;
[[Carus]] died.;;;;283;;
[[Numerian]] died.;;;;284;;
Roman forces in the east elected the [[Roman consul|consul]] [[Diocletian]] their ruler and proclaimed him ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]''.;;;;11.20.284;;
''[[Battle of the Margus]]'': Forces loyal to [[Diocletian]] defeated [[Carinus]] in battle on the [[Morava (river)|Morava]]. Carinus was killed.;;;;07.285;;
[[Diocletian]] gave [[Maximian]] the title [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]].;;;;07.285;;
''[[Carausian Revolt]]'': The naval commander [[Carausius]] declared himself [[emperor]] in [[Roman Britain|Britain]] and northern [[Gaul]].;;;;286;;
[[Diocletian]] proclaimed [[Maximian]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' of the [[Western Roman Empire|west]], ruling himself as ''augustus'' of the east.;;;;04.02.286;;
[[Diocletian]] established the [[Tetrarchy]], appointing [[Constantius Chlorus]] to hold the office of [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]] under [[Maximian]] in the [[Western Roman Empire|west]] and [[Galerius]] to hold the title under himself in the east.;;;;293;;
''Carausian Revolt'': [[Constantius Chlorus]] conquered [[Carausius|Carausius's]] [[Gaul|Gallic]] territories.;;;;293;;
[[Carausius]] was murdered by his finance minister [[Allectus]], who replaced him as [[emperor]] in [[Roman Britain|Britain]].;;;;293;;
''Carausian Revolt'': [[Allectus]] was defeated in battle and killed at [[Calleva Atrebatum]].;;;;296;;
[[Diocletian]] issued the [[Edict on Maximum Prices]], reforming the currency and setting price ceilings on a number of goods.;;;;301;;
''[[Diocletianic Persecution]]'': [[Diocletian]] issued his first edict against [[Christianity|Christians]], calling for the destruction of Christian holy books and places of worship and stripping Christians of their government positions and political rights.;;;;02.24.303;;
[[Diocletian]] and [[Maximian]] abdicated. [[Constantius Chlorus|Constantius]] and [[Galerius]] were elevated to ''[[augustus (honorific)|augusti]]'' in the [[Western Roman Empire|west]] and east. Galerius appointed [[Flavius Valerius Severus]] [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]] in the west and [[Maximinus II]] Caesar in the east.;;;;05.01.305;;
[[Constantius Chlorus|Constantius]] died at [[Eboracum]]. By his dying wish, his troops acclaimed his son [[Constantine the Great]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]''.;;;;07.25.306;;
[[Galerius]] recognized [[Flavius Valerius Severus]] as ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' in the [[Western Roman Empire|west]] and granted [[Constantine the Great]] the lesser title of [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]], which he accepted.;;;;306;;
''[[Civil wars of the Tetrarchy]]'': Rioters in [[Rome]] acclaimed [[Maximian|Maximian's]] son [[Maxentius]] ruler of Rome. He took the title ''princeps invictus'', undefeated prince.;;;;306;;
[[Maxentius]] invited [[Maximian]] to reclaim the title ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]''.;;;;306;;
''Civil wars of the Tetrarchy'': [[Flavius Valerius Severus]] surrendered to [[Maximian]] at [[Ravenna]].;;;;307;;
''Civil wars of the Tetrarchy'': [[Galerius]] laid siege to [[Rome]]. Many of his soldiers defected to [[Maxentius]] and he was forced to flee.;;;;307;;
''Civil wars of the Tetrarchy'': After a failed ''coup'' against his son [[Maxentius]], [[Maximian]] was forced to flee to [[Constantine the Great|Constantine's]] court.;;;;308;;
[[Maximian]] resigned as ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]''. [[Galerius]] appointed [[Licinius]] ''augustus'' of the [[Western Roman Empire|west]] and confirmed his recognition of [[Constantine the Great]] as [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]] of the west.;;;;11.11.308;;
''Civil wars of the Tetrarchy'': [[Maximian]] was forced to commit suicide following a failed ''coup'' against [[Constantine the Great]].;;;;07.310;;
[[Galerius]] died. [[Licinius]] and [[Maximinus II|Maximinus]] agreed to divide the eastern Empire between themselves.;;;;311;;
''Civil wars of the Tetrarchy'': [[Constantine the Great]] concluded an alliance with [[Licinius]], offering his half-sister [[Flavia Julia Constantia]] to him in marriage.;;;;05.311;;
''Civil wars of the Tetrarchy'': [[Maximinus II|Maximinus]] entered a secret alliance with [[Maxentius]].;;;;311;;
[[Diocletian]] died, possibly from suicide.;;;;12.03.311;;
''[[Battle of the Milvian Bridge]]'': [[Constantine the Great]] had a vision of the [[Christian cross|cross]] appearing over the sun at the [[Ponte Milvio]] with the words "in this sign, conquer." His forces defeated and killed [[Maxentius]].;;;;10.28.312;;
[[Constantine the Great]] and [[Licinius]] issued the [[Edict of Milan]], providing for restitution to [[Christianity|Christians]] injured during the persecutions.;;;;02.313;;
[[Licinius]] married [[Flavia Julia Constantia|Constantia]].;;;;03.313;;
''[[Battle of Tzirallum]]'': [[Licinius]] defeated a vastly numerically superior force loyal to [[Maximinus II|Maximinus]] at modern [[Çorlu]]. Maximinus fled to [[Nicomedia]].;;;;04.30.313;;
[[Maximinus II|Maximinus]] died at [[Tarsus, Mersin|Tarsus]].;;;;08.313;;
''[[Battle of Cibalae]]'': [[Constantine the Great]] dealt a bloody defeat to [[Licinius|Licinius's]] forces at modern [[Vinkovci]].;;;;10.08.314;;
''[[Battle of Mardia]]'': After a bloody battle, probably at modern [[Harmanli]], [[Licinius]] retreated from contact with [[Constantine the Great]].;;;;317;;
[[Licinius]] recognized [[Constantine the Great]] as his superior, ceded all his territories outside of [[Thrace]], and agreed to depose and execute [[Valerius Valens]], whom he had raised to ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]''.;;;;03.01.317;;
''[[Battle of Adrianople (324)|Battle of Adrianople (324)]]'': [[Licinius]] suffered a bloody defeat at the hands of [[Constantine the Great]] on the [[Maritsa]].;;;;07.03.324;;
''[[Battle of Chrysopolis]]'': [[Constantine the Great]] dealt a decisive defeat to the remnants of [[Licinius|Licinius's]] army. Licinius surrendered.;;;;09.18.324;;
''[[First Council of Nicaea]]'': An [[ecumenical council]] called by [[Constantine the Great]] at [[Nicaea]] opened which would establish the [[Nicene Creed]], asserting [[Jesus]] to be equal to and of the same substance as [[God the Father]].;;;;05.20.325;;
[[Licinius]] was executed.;;;;325;;
[[Constantine the Great]] ordered the death of his oldest son [[Crispus]].;;;;326;;
[[Constantine the Great]] moved his capital to [[Byzantium]] and renamed the city [[Constantinople]], city of Constantine.;;;;05.11.330;;
[[Constantine the Great]] campaigned against the [[Goths]].;;;;332;;
[[Constantine the Great]] campaigned against the [[Sarmatians]].;;;;334;;
''Roman–Persian Wars'': The [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] [[shah]] [[Shapur II]] invaded [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenia]] and [[Mesopotamia (Roman province)|Mesopotamia]].;;;;337;;
[[Constantine the Great]] died.;;;;05.22.337;;
[[Constantine the Great|Constantine the Great's]] three sons declared themselves ''[[augustus (honorific)|augusti]]'' and divided their father's empire into three parts, with [[Constantine II (emperor)]] receiving [[Roman Britain|Britain]], [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]], [[Gaul]] and [[Illyria]], [[Constantius II]] [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]], [[Syria Palaestina]] and [[Egypt (Roman province)|Egypt]], and [[Constans]] [[Italian Peninsula|Italy]] and [[Africa (Roman province)|Africa]]. The young Constans was placed under Constantine II's guardianship.;;;;09.09.337;;
[[Constantine II (emperor)|Constantine II]] campaigned against the [[Alemanni]].;;;;338;;
[[Constantine II (emperor)|Constantine II]] granted [[Illyria]] to his brother [[Constans]].;;;;338;;
[[Constantine II (emperor)|Constantine II]] invaded [[Italian Peninsula|Italy]]. He was ambushed and slain at [[Aquileia]] by [[Constans]], who inherited his territory.;;;;340;;
[[Constans]] and [[Constantius II]] issued a ban against pagan sacrifice.;;;;341;;
''[[Siege of Singara]]'': [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] forces failed to capture the Roman fortress of [[Singara]].;;;;344;;
[[Magnentius]], commander of the [[Jovians and Herculians]], was acclaimed ruler of Rome by his [[Roman legion|legions]].;;;;01.18.350;;
[[Constans]] was killed in [[Elne]] by followers of [[Magnentius]].;;;;350;;
[[Constantius Chlorus|Constantius Chlorus's]] grandson [[Nepotianus]] entered [[Rome]] with a band of [[gladiator]]s and there declared himself [[imperator]].;;;;06.03.350;;
[[Marcellinus (magister officiorum)]], one of [[Magnentius|Magnentius's]] [[general officer|generals]], entered [[Rome]] and executed [[Nepotianus]].;;;;06.30.350;;
[[Constantius II]] granted his cousin [[Constantius Gallus]] the title [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]].;;;;03.15.351;;
''[[Battle of Mursa Major]]'': [[Constantius II]] defeated [[Magnentius]] in a bloody battle in the valley of the [[Drava]].;;;;09.28.351;;
''[[Battle of Mons Seleucus]]'': [[Constantius II]] dealt [[Magnentius]] a decisive defeat at modern [[La Bâtie-Montsaléon]]. Magnentius committed suicide.;;;;353;;
[[Constantius Gallus|Gallus]] was put to death.;;;;354;;
[[Constantius II]] declared [[Julian (emperor)]] [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]] and granted him command in [[Gaul]].;;;;11.06.355;;
''[[Battle of Strasbourg]]'': [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]] defeated a vastly superior [[Alemanni]] force near [[Argentoratum]], solidifying Roman control west of the [[Rhine]].;;;;357;;
The ''[[Petulantes]]'', ordered east from [[Paris]] in preparation for a war with the [[Sasanian Empire]], instead mutinied and proclaimed [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]''.;;;;02.360;;
[[Constantius II]] named [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]] as his successor before dying of fever.;;;;11.03.361;;
''[[Julian's Persian War]]'': Roman forces embarked from [[Antioch]] on a punitive expedition against the [[Sasanian Empire]].;;;;03.05.363;;
''[[Battle of Samarra]]'': [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] forces harassed a Roman army in retreat at [[Samarra]] from a failed siege of their capital [[Ctesiphon]]. [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]] was killed.;;;;06.26.363;;
[[Julian (emperor)|Julian's]] army declared one of their generals, [[Jovian (emperor)]], ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]''.;;;;06.27.363;;
''Julian's Persian War'': [[Jovian (emperor)|Jovian]] agreed to cede the five [[Roman province|provinces]] east of the [[Tigris]] to the [[Sasanian Empire]], ending the war.;;;;07.363;;
[[Jovian (emperor)|Jovian]] died.;;;;02.17.364;;
The army acclaimed the [[general officer|general]] [[Valentinian I|Valentinian I the Great]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]''.;;;;02.26.364;;
[[Valentinian I|Valentinian the Great]] appointed his younger brother [[Valens]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' with rule over the eastern Empire, and continued as ''augustus'' in the [[Western Roman Empire|west]].;;;;03.28.364;;
[[Valentinian I|Valentinian the Great]] died of a stroke. His son [[Gratian]], then junior ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' in the [[Western Roman Empire|west]], succeeded him as senior ''augustus''.;;;;11.17.375;;
The army acclaimed [[Valentinian I|Valentinian the Great's]] young son [[Valentinian II]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' of the [[Western Roman Empire|west]].;;;;22 November;;
Fleeing [[Huns|Hunnic]] aggression, the [[Goths]], under the leadership of the [[Thervingi]] [[tribal chief|chieftain]] [[Fritigern]], crossed the [[Danube]] and entered the eastern Empire as political refugees.;;;;376;;
''[[Gothic War (376–382)|Gothic War (376–382)]]'': Following the deaths of several Roman soldiers during civil unrest in [[Thrace]], the officer [[Lupicinus (Roman)]] arrested [[Fritigern]] and the [[Greuthungi]] [[tribal chief|chieftain]] [[Alatheus]].;;;;376;;
''[[Battle of Adrianople]]'': A combined [[Goths|Gothic]]-[[Alans|Alanic]] force decisively defeated the Roman army near [[Edirne]]. [[Valens]] was killed.;;;;08.09.378;;
[[Gratian]] named the [[general officer|general]] [[Theodosius I|Theodosius I the Great]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' in the east.;;;;01.19.379;;
[[Theodosius I|Theodosius the Great]] issued the [[Edict of Thessalonica]], making [[Christianity]] the [[state church of the Roman Empire]].;;;;02.27.380;;
''Gothic War (376–382)'': The [[Goths]] were made ''[[foederati]]'' of Rome and granted land and autonomy in [[Thrace]], ending the war.;;;;10.03.382;;
[[Gratian]] was delivered by mutineers to the ''[[Magister equitum]]'' [[Andragathius]] and executed.;;;;08.25.383;;
[[Valentinian II]] was found hanged in his residence. He may have been murdered by his guardian, the [[Franks|Frankish]] [[general officer|general]] [[Arbogast (magister militum)|Arbogast]].;;;;05.15.392;;
[[Arbogast (magister militum)|Arbogast]] declared [[Eugenius]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' and ruler in the [[Western Roman Empire|west]].;;;;08.22.392;;
[[Theodosius I|Theodosius the Great]] appointed his younger son [[Honorius (emperor)]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' in the [[Western Roman Empire|west]].;;;;01.23.393;;
''[[Battle of the Frigidus]]'': Forces loyal to [[Theodosius I|Theodosius the Great]] defeated and killed [[Arbogast (magister militum)|Arbogast]] and [[Eugenius]], probably near the [[Vipava (river)|Vipava]].;;;;09.06.394;;
[[Theodosius I|Theodosius the Great]] died. His elder son [[Arcadius]] succeeded him as ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' in the eastern [[Byzantine Empire]]. The young [[Honorius (emperor)|Honorius]] became sole ''augustus'' in the [[Western Roman Empire]] under the regency of ''[[Magister militum]]'' [[Stilicho]].;;;;01.17.395;;
''[[Gildonic War]]'': [[Gildo]], ''[[comes]]'' of [[Africa (province)|Africa]], was killed following a failed rebellion against the [[Western Roman Empire]].;;;;398;;
The capital of the [[Western Roman Empire]] was moved to [[Ravenna]].;;;;402;;
''[[Crossing of the Rhine]]'': A coalition of foreign tribes including the [[Vandals]], [[Alans]] and [[Suebi]] invaded the [[Western Roman Empire]] across the [[Rhine]].;;;;12.31.406;;
[[Arcadius]] died.;;;;05.01.408;;
''[[Sack of Rome (410)|Sack of Rome (410)]]'': [[Rome]] was sacked by the [[Visigoths]] under their [[king]] [[Alaric I]].;;;;08.24.410;;
''[[End of Roman rule in Britain]]'': The last Roman forces left [[Roman Britain|Britain]].;;;;410;;
[[Honorius (emperor)|Honorius]] appointed his brother-in-law and ''[[Magister militum]]'' [[Constantius III]] co-ruler of the [[Western Roman Empire]] with himself.;;;;02.08.421;;
[[Constantius III]] died.;;;;09.02.421;;
[[Honorius (emperor)|Honorius]] died.;;;;08.15.423;;
The [[Western Roman Empire|Western Roman]] [[Patrician (ancient Rome)|patrician]] [[Castinus]] declared the ''[[primicerius]]'' [[Joannes]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]''.;;;;423;;
The [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' [[Theodosius II|Theodosius II the Younger, the Calligrapher]] named the young [[Valentinian III]], his cousin and [[Constantius III|Constantius III's]] son, [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]] with rule over the [[Western Roman Empire|west]]. His mother [[Galla Placidia]] was appointed regent.;;;;10.23.424;;
[[Joannes]] was executed in [[Aquileia]].;;;;425;;
''[[Battle of the Utus]]'': The [[Huns]] under [[Attila]] defeated a [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] army in a bloody battle near the [[Vit]].;;;;447;;
[[Theodosius II|Theodosius the Younger]] died in a riding accident.;;;;07.28.450;;
[[Attila]] abandoned his invasion of [[Italian Peninsula|Italy]] following a meeting at the [[Mincio]] with the [[pope]] [[Pope Leo I]].;;;;452;;
[[Valentinian III]] was assassinated on orders of the [[Roman Senate|senator]] [[Petronius Maximus]].;;;;03.16.455;;
The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] acclaimed [[Petronius Maximus|Maximus]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' of the [[Western Roman Empire]].;;;;03.17.455;;
[[Petronius Maximus|Maximus]] was killed by a mob as he attempted to flee [[Rome]] in the face of a [[Vandal Kingdom|Vandal]] advance.;;;;05.31.455;;
''[[Sack of Rome (455)|Sack of Rome (455)]]'': The [[Vandal Kingdom|Vandals]] entered and began to sack [[Rome]].;;;;06.02.455;;
The ''[[Magister militum]]'' [[Avitus]] was pronounced ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' of the [[Western Roman Empire]] at [[Toulouse]] by the [[Visigothic Kingdom|Visigothic]] [[king]] [[Theodoric II]].;;;;07.09.455;;
[[Avitus]] was forced to flee [[Rome]] following a military ''coup'' by the [[general officer|general]] [[Ricimer]] and the ''[[domesticus (Roman Empire)|domesticus]]'' [[Majorian]].;;;;10.17.456;;
[[Avitus]] died.;;;;457;;
The [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' [[Marcian]] died.;;;;01.27.456;;
The [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' [[Leo I the Thracian]] appointed [[Majorian]] ''[[Magister militum]]'' in the [[Western Roman Empire|west]].;;;;02.28.456;;
The army acclaimed [[Majorian]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' of the [[Western Roman Empire]].;;;;04.01.456;;
[[Majorian]] was killed after torture near the [[Staffora]] on [[Ricimer|Ricimer's]] orders.;;;;08.07.461;;
The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] elected [[Libius Severus]] from among their number as ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' of the [[Western Roman Empire]].;;;;11.19.461;;
[[Libius Severus|Severus]] died.;;;;08.15.465;;
[[Leo I the Thracian|Leo the Thracian]] elevated the ''[[comes]]'' [[Anthemius]] to [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]] with rule over the [[Western Roman Empire]].;;;;04.12.467;;
''[[Battle of Cap Bon (468)|Battle of Cap Bon (468)]]'': The [[Vandal Kingdom]] destroyed a combined [[Western Roman Empire|Western Roman]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] invasion fleet at [[Cap Bon]].;;;;468;;
[[Anthemius]] was killed in flight following [[Ricimer|Ricimer's]] conquest of [[Rome]]. [[Petronius Maximus|Maximus's]] son [[Olybrius]] was acclaimed ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' of the [[Western Roman Empire]].;;;;07.11.472;;
[[Ricimer]] died.;;;;08.18.472;;
[[Ricimer|Ricimer's]] nephew [[Gundobad]] succeeded him as ''[[Magister militum]]'' and took the title [[Patrician (ancient Rome)|Patrician]].;;;;472;;
[[Olybrius]] died.;;;;472;;
The [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] elements of the army elected the ''[[Domesticus (Roman Empire)|domesticus]]'' [[Glycerius]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' of the [[Western Roman Empire]].;;;;03.03.473;;
[[Gundobad]] relinquished his [[Western Roman Empire|Western Roman]] titles to succeed his father as [[king]] of [[Kingdom of the Burgundians|Burgundy]].;;;;473;;
[[Leo I the Thracian|Leo the Thracian]] appointed [[Julius Nepos]], his nephew and [[Roman governor|governor]] of [[Dalmatia (Roman province)|Dalmatia]], ruler of the [[Western Roman Empire]] in opposition to [[Glycerius]].;;;;474;;
[[Leo I the Thracian|Leo the Thracian]] died. He was succeeded by his grandson [[Leo II (emperor)]].;;;;01.18.474;;
[[Zeno (emperor)]] became co-''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' of the [[Byzantine Empire]] with his young son [[Leo II (emperor)|Leo II]].;;;;02.09.474;;
[[Julius Nepos|Nepos]] deposed [[Glycerius]].;;;;07.474;;
[[Leo II (emperor)|Leo II]] died, possibly after being poisoned by his mother [[Ariadne (empress)]].;;;;11.17.474;;
[[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno]] was forced to flee [[Constantinople]] for his homeland [[Isauria]] in the face of a popular revolt.;;;;01.475;;
[[Basiliscus]], brother of [[Leo I the Thracian|Leo the Thracian's]] widow [[Verina]], was acclaimed ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]] of the [[Byzantine Empire]] by the [[Byzantine Senate]].;;;;01.09.475;;
[[Julius Nepos|Nepos]] appointed [[Orestes (father of Romulus Augustulus)]] ''[[Magister militum]]'' and [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Western Roman Empire|Western Roman]] military.;;;;475;;
[[Orestes (father of Romulus Augustulus)|Orestes]] took control of the [[Western Roman Empire|Western Roman]] capital [[Ravenna]], forcing [[Julius Nepos|Nepos]] to flee to [[Dalmatia (Roman province)|Dalmatia]].;;;;08.28.475;;
[[Orestes (father of Romulus Augustulus)|Orestes]] declared his young son [[Romulus Augustulus]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' of the [[Western Roman Empire]].;;;;10.31.475;;
[[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno]] recaptured [[Constantinople]] and accepted [[Basiliscus|Basiliscus's]] surrender.;;;;08.476;;
[[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] ''[[foederati]]'' under the command of the [[general officer|general]] [[Odoacer]] renounced [[Western Roman Empire|Western Roman]] authority and declared Odoacer their [[king]].;;;;08.23.476;;
[[Odoacer]] captured and executed [[Orestes (father of Romulus Augustulus)|Orestes]] at [[Piacenza]].;;;;08.28.476;;
[[Odoacer]] conquered the [[Western Roman Empire|Western Roman]] capital [[Ravenna]], forced [[Romulus Augustulus|Romulus]] to abdicate and declared himself [[king]] of Italy.;;;;09.04.476;;
The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] sent [[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno]] the imperial regalia of the [[Western Roman Empire]].;;;;476;;
[[Julius Nepos|Nepos]] was murdered in his residence in [[Split, Croatia|Split]].;;;;04.25.480;;
[[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno]] died.;;;;04.09.491;;
''[[Augustus (honorific)|Augustus]]'' [[Anastasius I Dicorus]] died.;;;;07.09.518;;
''[[Augustus (honorific)|Augustus]]'' [[Justin I]] appointed his older son [[Justinian I|Justinian I the Great]] co-''augustus'' with himself.;;;;04.01.527;;
[[Justin I]] died.;;;;08.01.527;;
The ''[[Codex Justinianeus]]'', which attempted to consolidate and reconcile contradictions in Roman law, was promulgated.;;;;04.07.529;;
[[Justinian I|Justinian the Great]] ordered the construction of the [[Hagia Sophia]] in [[Constantinople]].;;;;532;;
''[[Vandalic War]]'': A Byzantine force under the [[general officer|general]] [[Belisarius]] departed for the [[Vandal Kingdom]].;;;;06.21.533;;
''[[Battle of Ad Decimum]]'': A Byzantine army defeated a [[Vandal Kingdom|Vandal]] force near [[Carthage]].;;;;09.13.533;;
''[[Battle of Tricamarum]]'': The Byzantines defeated a [[Vandal Kingdom|Vandal]] army and forced their [[king]] [[Gelimer]] into flight.;;;;12.15.533;;
''Vandalic War'': [[Gelimer]] surrendered to [[Belisarius]] and accepted his offer of a peaceful retirement in [[Galatia]], ending the war. The territory of the [[Vandal Kingdom]] was reorganized as the [[praetorian prefecture]] of [[praetorian prefecture of Africa|Africa]].;;;;03.534;;
''[[Gothic War (535–554|Gothic War (535–554)]]'': Byzantine forces crossing from [[praetorian prefecture of Africa|Africa]] invaded [[Sicily]], then an [[Ostrogothic Kingdom|Ostrogothic]] possession.;;;;535;;
''Gothic War (535–554)'': Byzantium took [[Rome]] with little [[Ostrogothic Kingdom|Ostrogothic]] resistance.;;;;12.536;;
The [[Hagia Sophia]] was completed.;;;;12.27.537;;
''[[Battle of Taginae]]'': A Byzantine army dealt a decisive defeat to the [[Ostrogothic Kingdom|Ostrogoths]] at [[Gualdo Tadino]]. The Ostrogoth [[king]] [[Totila]] was killed.;;;;07.552;;
''[[Battle of Mons Lactarius]]'': An [[Ostrogothic Kingdom|Ostrogothic]] force was ambushed and destroyed at [[Monti Lattari]] on its way to relieve a Byzantine siege of [[Cumae]]. The Ostrogoth [[king]] [[Teia]] was killed.;;;;553;;
[[Belisarius]] died.;;;;03.565;;
[[Justinian I|Justinian the Great]] died.;;;;11.14.565;;
The [[Lombards]] invaded [[Italian Peninsula|Italy]].;;;;568;;
The [[general officer|general]] [[Narses]] died.;;;;573;;
''[[Augustus (honorific)|Augustus]]'' [[Justin II]] began to suffer from fits of insanity.;;;;574;;
[[Justin II]] died.;;;;10.05.578;;
''[[Augustus (honorific)|Augustus]]'' [[Tiberius II Constantine]] died.;;;;08.14.582;;
''[[Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628|Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628]]'': The [[Sasanian Empire]] declared war on Byzantium.;;;;602;;
''[[Augustus (honorific)|Augustus]]'' [[Phocas]] dedicated the [[Column of Phocas]] in the [[Roman Forum]].;;;;08.01.607;;
''[[Siege of Constantinople (626)|Siege of Constantinople (626)]]'': [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] and [[Avar Khaganate|Avar]] forces laid siege to [[Constantinople]].;;;;06.626;;
''[[Muslim conquest of the Levant]]'': A [[Rashidun Caliphate|Rashidun]] army departed [[Medina]] for the [[Levant]].;;;;04.634;;
''[[Muslim conquest of Egypt]]'': A [[Rashidun Caliphate|Rashidun]] force laid siege to [[Pelusium]].;;;;01.640;;
The [[Roman legion|legions]] of the [[East Roman army]] were reorganized into [[theme (Byzantine district)|themes]].;;;;640;;
''[[Siege of Alexandria (641)]]'': Byzantine authorities in the [[Egypt (Roman province)|Egyptian]] capital [[Alexandria]] surrendered to the besieging [[Rashidun Caliphate|Rashidun]] army.;;;;11.08.641;;
''[[Basileus]]'' [[Constans II]] visited [[Rome]].;;;;663;;
''[[Battle of Carthage (698)|Battle of Carthage (698)]]'': An [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] siege and blockade of [[Carthage]] forced the retreat of Byzantine forces. The city was conquered and destroyed.;;;;698;;
''[[Siege of Constantinople (717–718)|Siege of Constantinople (717–718)]]'': The [[Umayyad Caliphate]] besieges the city of Constantinople.;;;;717;;
''[[Siege of Constantinople (717–718)|Siege of Constantinople (717–718)]]'': The Ummayad Caliphate lifts the siege of Constantinople due to Famine, Disease and an unusually hard winter.;;;;08.15.718;;
''[[Basileus]]'' [[Leo III the Isaurian]] promulgated an edict forbidding the veneration of religious images, beginning the first [[Byzantine Iconoclasm]].;;;;730;;
''[[Second Council of Nicaea]]'': An [[ecumenical council]] in [[Nicaea]] ended which endorsed the veneration of images, ending the first [[Byzantine Iconoclasm]].;;;;10.23.787;;
A group of soldiers broke into the [[Church of the Holy Apostles]] and pleaded with the body of the iconoclast ''[[basileus]]'' [[Constantine V]] to restore the Empire, marking the beginning of the second [[Byzantine Iconoclasm]].;;;;06.813;;
The Byzantine regent [[Theodora (wife of Theophilos)]] restored the veneration of religious images, ending the second [[Byzantine Iconoclasm]].;;;;843;;
''[[Basileus]]'' [[Michael III]] was assassinated by his co-''basileus'' [[Basil I]], who became sole ruler of the Empire.;;;;09.24.867;;
''[[Basileus]]'' [[John I Tzimiskes]] died. His co-''basileus'' and nephew [[Basil II]] became sole ruler of the Empire.;;;;01.10.976;;
''[[Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria]]'': Byzantine forces invaded [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgaria]].;;;;1002;;
''[[Battle of Kleidion]]'': [[Basil II|Basil]] dealt a decisive and bloody defeat to [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarian]] forces in the [[Belasica]] near [[Klyuch]].;;;;07.29.1014;;
''Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria'': The [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarian]] [[boyar]]s accepted the establishment of the [[theme (Byzantine district)|theme]] of [[Bulgaria (theme)|Bulgaria]] on the territory of the former Empire, with significant autonomy for themselves.;;;;1018;;
[[Basil II|Basil]] died.;;;;12.15.1025;;
''[[East–West Schism]]'': The [[papal legate]] [[Humbert of Silva Candida]] laid on the altar of [[Hagia Sophia]] a document proclaiming the excommunication of [[Michael I Cerularius]], the [[patriarch]] of [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople|Constantinople]].;;;;07.16.1054;;
''[[Siege of Bari]]'': [[Italo-Norman]] forces captured [[Bari]], capital of the ''[[katepanikion]]'' of [[Catepanate of Italy|Italy]].;;;;04.15.1071;;
''[[Battle of Manzikert]]'': The Byzantine Empire was decisively defeated by a [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk]] force near [[Malazgirt]]. The ''[[basileus]]'' [[Romanos IV Diogenes]] was captured.;;;;08.26.1071;;
[[Nikephoros III Botaneiates]] was deposed and replaced as ''[[basileus]]'' by [[Alexios I Komnenos]].;;;;04.01.1081;;
''[[Battle of Levounion]]'': The Byzantine army dealt a bloody defeat to a [[Pechenegs|Pecheneg]] invasion force.;;;;04.29.1091;;
''[[Siege of Nicaea]]'': The [[Sultanate of Rum|Rum]] occupants of [[Nicaea]] surrendered to Byzantine and [[First Crusade]]r forces.;;;;06.19.1097;;
Following the conquest of [[Antioch]], the [[First Crusade]]r leader [[Bohemond I of Antioch]] declared himself [[prince]] of [[Principality of Antioch|Antioch]].;;;;1098;;
''Reign of [[John II Komnenos|John II]] begins'': Being considered the greatest [[Komnenos|Komnenoi]] emperor, he starts extensive damage control.;;;;08.15.1118;;
''[[Battle of Beroia]]'': A Byzantine army wiped out the [[Pechenegs]] at [[Stara Zagora]].;;;;1122;;
''War with [[Venice]] begins'': Over the non-renewal of trading privileges by John II Komnenos.;;;;1124;;
''The war with Venice ends in defeat'': The Venetian fleet ravaged the coasts of Greece, forcing the emperor to back down.;;;;1126;;
''[[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungarians]] invade the Empire'': Invaders go far south as [[Philippolis]].;;;;1127;;
Invading Hungarins are repelled;;;;1129;;
John II launches his first serious campaign in the east.;;;;1136;;
John II conquers the [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]].;;;;1137;;
John II vassalizes the [[Principality of Antioch]].;;;;1139;;
''Death of John II'': his death marks the beginning of straight decline.;;;;1143;;
''Sack of [[Philomelion]]'': Under the orders from [[Manuel I Komnenos|Manuel I]], before relocating the Christian population.;;;;1146;;
''[[Battle of Sirmium]]'': Byzantium decisively defeated a [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungarian]] force at [[Sirmium]].;;;;07.08.1167;;
''[[Battle of Myriokephalon]]'': A Byzantine invasion force was ambushed and forced to retreat through a mountain pass by [[Sultanate of Rum|Rum]] near [[Lake Beyşehir]].;;;;09.17.1176;;
''[[Basileus]]'' [[Manuel I Komnenos]] died.;;;;09.24.1180;;
''[[Uprising of Asen and Peter]]'': A tax revolt began in [[Paristrion]] which would result in the establishment of the [[Second Bulgarian Empire]].;;;;10.26.1185;;
''[[Siege of Constantinople (1204)|Siege of Constantinople (1204)]]'': [[Fourth Crusade]]rs breached and sacked [[Constantinople]], deposed the ''[[basileus]]'' [[Alexios V Doukas]] and established the [[Latin Empire]] under their leader [[Baldwin I, Latin Emperor]] as [[Latin Emperor]]. [[Theodore I Laskaris]] was acclaimed ''basileus'' but forced to flee with his court to establish the [[Empire of Nicaea]] at [[Nicaea]].;;;;04.13.1204;;
[[Alexios I of Trebizond]], a grandson of the former ''[[basileus]]'' [[Andronikos I Komnenos]], declared himself ruler of [[Empire of Trebizond|Trebizond]].;;;;04.1204;;
[[Michael I Komnenos Doukas]], a descendant of [[Alexios I Komnenos]], established himself as [[despot (court title)|despot]] of [[Despotate of Epirus|Epirus]].;;;;1205;;
The [[Empire of Nicaea|Nicaean]] ruler [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] conquered [[Constantinople]] .;;;;07.25.1261;;
[[Michael VIII Palaiologos|Michael]] was crowned ''[[basileus]]'' in [[Constantinople]] along with his infant son [[Andronikos II Palaiologos]].;;;;08.15.1261;;
''[[Byzantine–Ottoman Wars]]'': The [[Ottoman Empire]] conquered [[Bursa]].;;;;1326;;
''Byzantine–Ottoman Wars'': The [[Ottoman Empire]] captured [[Nicaea]].;;;;1331;;
''[[Byzantine civil war of 1341–47|Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347]]'': The regent [[John VI Kantakouzenos]] was declared ''[[basileus]]'' by his supporters in opposition to the young [[John V Palaiologos]].;;;;10.26.1341;;
''Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347'': [[John VI Kantakouzenos|John VI]] concluded an arrangement under which he would rule as senior ''[[basileus]]'' alongside [[John V Palaiologos|John V]] for ten years.;;;;02.08.1347;;
''[[Fall of Constantinople]]'': [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] forces entered [[Constantinople]]. ''[[Basileus]]'' [[Constantine XI Palaiologos]] was killed.;;;;05.29.1453;;

[[Category:History Timeline Page]]